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For Q2, the size of the VC secondary market reached $61.1 billion, according to PitchBook

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The rise of secondaries has been one of the private markets’ most resilient and undeniable narratives in recent years.

Consider: In the late ‘90s and early 2000s, secondaries were looked down upon, fretted about as signs of distress or sales at a discount. Today, not so. I don’t think it’s an exaggeration to say secondaries are an enduring (and growing) corner of the private markets, and an increasingly important vehicle through which VC firms drum up returns in a limited exit environment. 

In Q2 2025, the VC direct secondary market in the U.S. was $61.1 billion, according to new data from PitchBook. That’s up slightly from $60 billion in Q1, and a marked jump from the $50 billion in Q4 20024, which was the first time PitchBook published a VC secondaries report. But it’s important to remember that this is still, somehow, small relative to the market—and the enormous liquidity needs of VC firms. This total Q2 secondaries market size comprises just 1.9% of total unicorn value.  

“The secondary markets are a vital liquidity valve, though their influence is limited due to the high concentration of trading volume,” said Emily Zheng, senior venture capital analyst at PitchBook, via email. “Investors and employees in the highest valued, late-stage unicorns are most likely to benefit from secondaries today.”

Zheng added: “Startups can no longer ignore the value of providing employees with periodic liquidity to retain talent, and investors no longer view secondaries as a distress signal.”

In short, it’s a time where every tool counts when it comes to moving capital through private companies. Take special purpose vehicles or SPVs, separate legal entities where investors pool capital for a specific investment. If you’ve been hearing about them more, that makes good sense: The number of secondary SPVs has grown by 545% throughout the last two years, with total capital raised growing by 1,000%, according to PitchBook data. And SPVs are “here to stay,” said PitchBook’s Zheng over email. 

“Venture as an asset class has always had a high barrier to entry, and SPVs have grown so much because they significantly lower these hurdles,” she wrote to Fortune. “However, transparency is of utmost importance in this opaque market. The rise of multi-layered SPVs, especially those more than twice removed from equity, may mislead green venture investors if SPV managers are not upfront about the ownership structure and total fees.”

As these strategic tools become more prominent, venture investing may be more about complex financial judgment calls than ever.

 

Term Sheet Podcast… This week, Evan Reiser, CEO and founder of Abnormal AI, joins the Term Sheet Podcast! We talked about his journey from a “cyber outsider” to a cybersecurity startup founder, how AI is simultaneously supercharging both cyber crime and cybersecurity, and how he imagines our future. I also sling my most honest take about whether we’re in an AI bubble. Listen here.

See you tomorrow,

Allie Garfinkle
X:
@agarfinks
Email: alexandra.garfinkle@fortune.com
Submit a deal for the Term Sheet newsletter here.

Joey Abrams curated the deals section of today’s newsletter. Subscribe here.

Venture Deals

Aurasell, a San Francisco-based AI-powered CRM platform, raised $30 million in seed funding from N47, Menlo Ventures, and Unusual Ventures.

Splight, a San Francisco-based grid technology company, raised $12.4 million in funding. Blue Bear Capital led the round and was joined by ZOMA Capital.

Boost my School, a New York City-based fundraising platform for K-12 schools, raised $10 million in funding. High Alpha led the round.

Therna Biosciences, a San Francisco-based company using AI to design new RNA medicines, raised $10 million in seed funding. AIX Ventures, Pear VC, and Fusion Fund led the round. 

Nauta, a New York-based AI logistics orchestration startup, raised $7 million in seed funding. Construct Capital and Predictive led the round, with participation from Rappi CEO Simón Borrero, RemoteHQ founder Waikit Lau, Windmar Energy CEO Juan Jose Gonzales, and Soriana.

Sequifi, a Lehi, Utah-based payroll and HR platform for home service workers, raised $6.7 million in seed funding. Cervin Ventures led the round and was joined by Frazier Group and Tokyo Black. .

Private Equity

Clearlake Capital Group acquired Dun & Bradstreet Holdings, a Jacksonville, Fla.-based business decisioning data and analytics platform, for $9.15 per share.

Carousel Capital is recapitalizing Craneworks, a Birmingham, Ala.-based provider of operated crane services, crane rental services, and other related equipment rental solutions. Financial terms were not disclosed.

FalconPoint Partners acquired SMS, a Portage, Ind.-based industrial services company. Financial terms were not disclosed.

Maria DB, backed by K1, acquired SkySQL, a serverless database-as-a-service company. Financial terms were not disclosed.

This is the web version of Term Sheet, a daily newsletter on the biggest deals and dealmakers in venture capital and private equity. Sign up for free.



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Miss Universe co-owner gets bank accounts frozen as part of probe into drugs, fuel and arms trafficking

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Mexico’s anti-money laundering office has frozen the bank accounts of the Mexican co-owner of Miss Universe as part of an investigation into drugs, fuel and arms trafficking, an official said Friday.

The country’s Financial Intelligence Unit, which oversees the fight against money laundering, froze Mexican businessman Raúl Rocha Cantú’s bank accounts in Mexico, a federal official told The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to comment on the investigation.

The action against Rocha Cantú adds to mounting controversies for the Miss Universe organization. Last week, a court in Thailand issued an arrest warrant for the Thai co-owner of the Miss Universe Organization in connection with a fraud case and this year’s competition — won by Miss Mexico Fatima Bosch — faced allegations of rigging.

The Miss Universe organization did not immediately respond to an email from The Associated Press seeking comment about the allegations against Rocha Cantú.

Mexico’s federal prosecutors said last week that Rocha Cantú has been under investigation since November 2024 for alleged organized crime activity, including drug and arms trafficking, as well as fuel theft. Last month, a federal judge issued 13 arrest warrants for some of those involved in the case, including the Mexican businessman, whose company Legacy Holding Group USA owns 50% of the Miss Universe shares.

The organization’s other 50% belongs to JKN Global Group Public Co. Ltd., a company owned by Jakkaphong “Anne” Jakrajutatip.

A Thai court last week issued an arrest warrant for Jakrajutatip who was released on bail in 2023 on the fraud case. She failed to appear as required in a Bangkok court on Nov. 25. Since she did not notify the court about her absence, she was deemed to be a flight risk, according to a statement from the Bangkok South District Court.

The court rescheduled her hearing for Dec. 26.

Rocha Cantú was also a part owner of the Casino Royale in the northern Mexican city of Monterrey, when it was attacked in 2011 by a group of gunmen who entered it, doused gasoline and set it on fire, killing 52 people.

Baltazar Saucedo Estrada, who was charged with planning the attack, was sentenced in July to 135 years in prison.



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Elon Musk’s X fined $140 million by EU for breaching digital regulations

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European Union regulators on Friday fined X, Elon Musk’s social media platform, 120 million euros ($140 million) for breaches of the bloc’s digital regulations, in a move that risks rekindling tensions with Washington over free speech.

The European Commission issued its decision following an investigation it opened two years ago into X under the 27-nation bloc’s Digital Services Act, also known as the DSA.

It’s the first time that the EU has issued a so-called non-compliance decision since rolling out the DSA. The sweeping rulebook requires platforms to take more responsibility for protecting European users and cleaning up harmful or illegal content and products on their sites, under threat of hefty fines.

The Commission, the bloc’s executive arm, said it was punishing X because of three different breaches of the DSA’s transparency requirements. The decision could rile President Donald Trump, whose administration has lashed out at digital regulations, complained that Brussels was targeting U.S. tech companies and vowed to retaliate.

U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio posted on his X account that the Commission’s fine was akin to an attack on the American people. Musk later agreed with Rubio’s sentiment.

“The European Commission’s $140 million fine isn’t just an attack on @X, it’s an attack on all American tech platforms and the American people by foreign governments,” Rubio wrote. “The days of censoring Americans online are over.”

Vice President JD Vance, posting on X ahead of the decision, accused the Commission of seeking to fine X “for not engaging in censorship.”

“The EU should be supporting free speech not attacking American companies over garbage,” he wrote.

Officials denied the rules were intended to muzzle Big Tech companies. The Commission is “not targeting anyone, not targeting any company, not targeting any jurisdictions based on their color or their country of origin,” spokesman Thomas Regnier told a regular briefing in Brussels. “Absolutely not. This is based on a process, democratic process.”

X did not respond immediately to an email request for comment.

EU regulators had already outlined their accusations in mid-2024 when they released preliminary findings of their investigation into X.

Regulators said X’s blue checkmarks broke the rules because on “deceptive design practices” and could expose users to scams and manipulation.

Before Musk acquired X, when it was previously known as Twitter, the checkmarks mirrored verification badges common on social media and were largely reserved for celebrities, politicians and other influential accounts, such as Beyonce, Pope Francis, writer Neil Gaiman and rapper Lil Nas X.

After he bought it in 2022, the site started issuing the badges to anyone who wanted to pay $8 per month.

That means X does not meaningfully verify who’s behind the account, “making it difficult for users to judge the authenticity of accounts and content they engage with,” the Commission said in its announcement.

X also fell short of the transparency requirements for its ad database, regulators said.

Platforms in the EU are required to provide a database of all the digital advertisements they have carried, with details such as who paid for them and the intended audience, to help researches detect scams, fake ads and coordinated influence campaigns. But X’s database, the Commission said, is undermined by design features and access barriers such as “excessive delays in processing.”

Regulators also said X also puts up “unnecessary barriers” for researchers trying to access public data, which stymies research into systemic risks that European users face.

“Deceiving users with blue checkmarks, obscuring information on ads and shutting out researchers have no place online in the EU. The DSA protects users,” Henna Virkkunen, the EU’s executive vice-president for tech sovereignty, security and democracy, said in a prepared statement.

The Commission also wrapped up a separate DSA case Friday involving TikTok’s ad database after the video-sharing platform promised to make changes to ensure full transparency.

___

AP Writer Lorne Cook in Brussels contributed to this report.



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Nvidia CEO says U.S. data centers take 3 years, but China ‘can build a hospital in a weekend’

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Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang said China has an AI infrastructure advantage over the U.S., namely in construction and energy.

While the U.S. retains an edge on AI chips, he warned China can build large projects at staggering speeds.

“If you want to build a data center here in the United States from breaking ground to standing up a AI supercomputer is probably about three years,” Huang told Center for Strategic and International Studies President John Hamre in late November. “They can build a hospital in a weekend.”

The speed at which China can build infrastructure is just one of his concerns. He also worries about the countries’ comparative energy capacity to support the AI boom.

China has “twice as much energy as we have as a nation, and our economy is larger than theirs. Makes no sense to me,” Huang said.

He added that China’s energy capacity continues to grow “straight up”, while the U.S.’s remains relatively flat.

Still, Huang maintained that Nvidia is “generations ahead” of China on AI chip technology to support the demand for the tech and semiconductor manufacturing process.

But he warned against complacency on this front, adding that “anybody who thinks China can’t manufacture is missing a big idea.”

Yet Huang is hopeful about Nvidia’s future, noting President Donald Trump’s push to reshore manufacturing jobs and spur AI investments.

‘Insatiable AI demand’

Early last month, Huang made headlines by predicting China would win the AI race—a message he amended soon thereafter, saying the country was “nanoseconds behind America” in the race in a statement shared to his company’s X account.

Nvidia is just one of the big tech companies pouring billions of dollars into a data center buildout in the U.S., which experts tell Fortune could amount to over $100 billion in the next year alone.

Raul Martynek, the CEO of DataBank, a company that contracts with tech giants to construct data centers, said the average cost of a data center is $10 million to $15 million per megawatt (MW), and a typical data centers on the smaller side requires 40 MW.

“In the U.S., we think there will be 5 to 7 gigawatts brought online in the coming year to support this seemingly insatiable AI demand,” Martynek said.

This shakes out to $50 billion on the low end, and $105 billion on the high end.



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