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We interviewed 62 older Minnesotans who lost white-collar jobs later in life. Nearly 75% refused to move, and 3 big problems kept them locked in place

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With the pendulum swinging away from remote work and toward return-to-office mandates, working in a new region or state may no longer mean simply logging onto Zoom. As a result, companies are increasingly investing in employee relocations, as the latest Atlas corporate survey reveals. But are these investments enough to keep the hiring pipeline flowing? 

Keeping a white-collar job or getting a new one may now depend on workers’ willingness to uproot their lives and hit the road. While Gen Z workers are more open to these moves, our research found geographic mobility for those over 50 can be hindered by life stage specific obstacles. Given a rapidly aging workforce and employers’ ongoing need to attract and retain talented workers, understanding these challenges is especially important for human resources managers.

In our new book, American Idle: Late-Career Job Loss in a Neoliberal Era, we interviewed more than 60 older Minnesotans who lost their white-collar jobs later in life, initially interviewing them in the five years following the Great Recession and then again a decade later. We were surprised to learn that nearly three-quarters of those interviewed refused to look for work out of state. Their comments revealed three common barriers to relocation.

Family ties

First, there are the all-important family ties; as Atlas discovered, this is the top reason why relocation offers are refused. We found older workers anchored in place by a broad range of familial commitments, including to adult children and grandchildren, as well as to aging siblings and parents.

There was also the issue of spouses and partners who were embedded in their own careers and understandably reluctant to leave after becoming the sole breadwinner. Sometimes they simply had their own preferences about where they would (and would not) live. These constraints, we learned, are non-negotiable. 

The locked-up housing market

Second, Atlas reports that a sizable number of relocation offers were rejected due to high mortgage interest rates and a tight housing market. Economic conditions were a similarly important consideration for our interviewees who lost their jobs in and around the 2008 Great Recession. The collapsing housing market accompanying this crash significantly reduced the value of our interviewees’ nest eggs at a time when they were already financially taxed.

Moreover, after spending decades residing in the same place, our interviewees were emotionally invested in their homes and deeply attached to their communities. Such connections are known to enhance personal well-being, an important consideration for anyone contemplating a relocation. 

The lost promises of the boomer generation

A third factor is surprisingly overlooked, both in the Atlas survey and by our fellow scholars. Generationally, our interviewees are baby boomers who entered the workforce in an era when continued employment was often guaranteed for loyal white-collar employees. Their late-career job loss instilled an understanding that relocation cannot safeguard against the layoffs that today’s white-collar workers routinely encounter. Age and experience, then, afforded our interviewees the wisdom to understand the personal and financial sacrifices of relocating at their late career stage. With relatively few years to recoup any potential losses, moving was simply too risky a gamble.

Yet, there is hope on the horizon. Atlas found a small but growing number of companies now offer nonstandard relocation incentives that include mortgage assistance, guaranteed home buyout options, and reimbursements for when the sale price falls below a property’s appraised value. Along with these financial supports, some companies also provide guaranteed employment for a specific duration to those who accept a relocation offer. These incentives go a long way toward making relocation less onerous for older workers but there is room for improvement. For instance, career assistance programs to support trailing spouses would almost certainly be welcomed. Additionally, employers could highlight community amenities, social activities, and support services that are both attractive to and essential for older workers and their families. 

When companies ignore generationally-based relocation constraints, they do so at the risk of missing out on a group who brings experience and expertise as well as the strong work ethic and a sense of duty demanded by employers from an earlier era. Moreover, older workers augment a multi-generational workforce, the advantages of which are increasingly apparent and coveted by organizational leaders. Given worker shortages and other current labor market challenges, recruiting managers should place their bet, and their support, on older workers. 

The opinions expressed in Fortune.com commentary pieces are solely the views of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and beliefs of Fortune.

Introducing the 2025 Fortune Global 500, the definitive ranking of the biggest companies in the world. Explore this year’s list.



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Procurement execs often don’t understand the value of good design, experts say

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Behind every intricately designed hotel or restaurant is a symbiotic collaboration between designer and maker.

But in reality, firms want to build more with less—and even though visions are created by designers, they don’t always get to see them to fruition. Instead, intermediaries may be placed in charge of procurements and overseeing the financial costs of executing designs.

“The process is not often as linear as we [designers] would like it to be, and at times we even get slightly cut out, and something comes out on the other side that wasn’t really what we were expecting,” said Tina Norden, a partner and principal at design firm Conran and Partners, at the Fortune Brainstorm Design forum in Macau on Dec. 2.

“To have a better quality product, communication is very much needed,” added Daisuke Hironaka, the CEO of Stellar Works, a furniture company based in Shanghai. 

Yet those tasked with procurement are often “money people” who may not value good design—instead forsaking it to cut costs. More education on the business value of quality design is needed, Norden argued.

When one builds something, she said, there are both capital investment and a lifecycle cost. “If you’re spending a bit more money on good quality furniture, flooring, whatever it might be, arguably, it should last a lot longer, and so it’s much better value.”

Investing in well-designed products is also better for the environment, Norden added, as they don’t have to be replaced as quickly.

Attempts to cut costs may also backfire in the long run, said Hironaka, as business owners may have to foot higher maintenance bills if products are of poor design and make.

AI in interior and furniture design

Though designers have largely been slow adopters of AI, some luminaries like Daisuke are attempting to integrate it into their team’s workflow.

AI can help accelerate the process of designing bespoke furniture, Daisuke explained, especially for large-scale projects like hotels. 

A team may take a month to 45 days to create drawings for 200 pieces of custom-made furniture, the designer said, but AI can speed up this process. “We designed a lot in the past, and if AI can use these archives, study [them] and help to do the engineering, that makes it more helpful for designers.” 

Yet designers can rest easy as AI won’t ever be able to replace the human touch they bring, Norden said. 

“There is something about the human touch, and about understanding how we like to use our spaces, how we enjoy space, how we perceive spaces, that will always be there—but AI should be something that can assist us [in] getting to that point quicker.”

She added that creatives can instead view AI as a tool for tasks that are time-consuming but “don’t need ultimate creativity,” like researching and three-dimensionalizing designs.

“As designers, we like to procrastinate and think about things for a very long time to get them just right, [but] we can get some help in doing things faster.”



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Binance has been proudly nomadic for years. A new announcement suggests it’s chosen an HQ

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For years, Binance has dodged questions about where it plans to establish a corporate headquarters. On Monday, the world’s largest crypto exchange made an announcement that indicates it has chosen a location: Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates.

In its announcement, Binance reported that it has secured three global financial licenses within Abu Dhabi Global Market, a special economic zone inside the Emirati city. The licenses regulate three different prongs of the exchange’s business: its exchange, clearinghouse, and broker dealer services. The three regulated entities are named Nest Exchange Limited, Nest Clearing and Custody Limited, and Nest Trading Limited, respectively.

Richard Teng, the co-CEO of Binance, declined to say whether Abu Dhabi is now Binance’s global headquarters. “But for all intents and purposes, if you look at the regulatory sphere, I think the global regulators are more concerned of where we are regulated on a global basis,” he said, adding that Abu Dhabi Global Market is where his crypto exchange’s “global platform” will be governed.

A company spokesperson declined to add more to Teng’s comments, but did not deny Fortune’s assertion that Binance appears to have chosen Abu Dhabai as its headquarters.

Corporate governance

The Abu Dhabi announcement suggests that Binance, which has for years taken pride in branding itself as a company with no fixed location, is bowing to the practical considerations that go with being a major financial firm—and the corporate governance obligations that entails.

When Changpeng Zhao, the cofounder and former CEO of Binance, launched the company in 2017, he initially established the exchange in Hong Kong. But, weeks after he registered Binance in the city, China banned cryptocurrency trading, and Zhao moved his nascent trading platform. Binance has since been itinerant. “Wherever I sit is going to be the Binance office,” Zhao said in 2020.

The location of a company’s headquarters impacts its tax obligations and what regulations it needs to follow. In 2023, after Binance reached a landmark $4.3 billion settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice, Zhao stepped down as CEO and pleaded guilty to failing to implement an effective anti-money laundering program.

Teng took over and promised to implement the corporate structures—like a board of directors—that are the norm for companies of Binance’s size. Teng, who now shares the CEO role with the newly appointed Yi He, oversaw the appointment of Binance’s first board in April 2024. And he’s repeatedly telegraphed that his crypto exchange is focused on regulatory compliance.

Binance already has a strong footprint in the Emirates. It has a crypto license in Dubai, received a $2 billion investment from an Emirati venture fund in March, and, that same month, said it employed 1,000 employees in the country. 



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Leaders in Congress outperform rank-and-file lawmakers on stock trades by up to 47% a year

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Stocks held by members of Congress have been beating the S&P 500 lately, but there’s a subset of lawmakers who crush their peers: leadership.

According to a recent working paper for the National Bureau of Economic Research, congressional leaders outperform back benchers by up to 47% a year.

Shang-Jin Wei from Columbia University and Columbia Business School along with Yifan Zhou from Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University looked at lawmakers who ascended to leadership posts, such as Speaker of the House as well as House and Senate floor leaders, whips, and conference/caucus chairs.

Between 1995 and 2021, there were 20 such leaders who made stock trades before and after rising to their posts. Wei and Zhou observed that lawmakers underperformed benchmarks before becoming leaders, then everything suddenly changed.

“Importantly, whilst we observe a huge improvement in leaders’ trading performance as they ascend to leadership roles, the matched ‘regular’ members’ stock trading performance does not improve much,” they wrote.

Leadership’s stock market edge stems in part from their ability to set the regulatory or legislation agenda, such as deciding if and when a particular bill will be put to a vote. Setting the agenda also gives leaders advanced knowledge of when certain actions will take place.

In fact, Wei and Zhou found that leaders demonstrate much better returns on stock trades that are made when their party controls their chamber.

In addition, being a leader also increases access to non-public information. The researchers said that while companies are reluctant to share such insider knowledge, they may prioritize revealing it to leaders over rank-and-file lawmakers.

Leaders earn higher returns on companies that contribute to their campaigns or are headquartered in their states, which Wei and Zhou said could be attributable to “privileged access to firm-specific information.”

The upper echelon also influences how other members of Congress vote, and the paper found that a leader’s party is much more likely to vote for bills that help firms whose stocks the leader held, or vote against bills that harmed them. And stocks owned by leadership tend to see increases in federal contract awards, especially sole-source contracts, over the following one to two years.

“These results suggest that congressional leaders may not only trade on privileged knowledge, but also shape policy outcomes to enrich themselves,” Wei and Zhou wrote.

Stock trades by congressional leaders are even predictive, forecasting higher occurrences of positive or negative corporate news over the following year, they added. In particular, stock sales predict the number of hearings and regulatory actions over the coming year, though purchases don’t.

Investors have long suspected that Washington has a special advantage on Wall Street. That’s given rise to more ETFs with political themes, including funds that track portfolios belonging to Democrats and Republicans in Congress.

And Paul Pelosi, former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s husband, even has a cult following among some investors who mimic his stock moves.

Congress has tried to crack down on members’ stock holdings. The STOCK Act of 2012 requires more timely disclosures, but some lawmakers want to ban trading completely.

A bipartisan group of House members is pushing legislation that would prohibit members of Congress, their spouses, dependent children, and trustees from trading individual stocks, commodities, or futures.

And this past week, a discharge petition was put forth that would force a vote in the House if it gets enough signatures.

“If leadership wants to put forward a bill that would actually do that and end the corruption, we’re all for it,” said Rep. Anna Paulina Luna, R-Fla., on social media on Tuesday. “But we’re tired of the partisan games. This is the most bipartisan bipartisan thing in U.S. history, and it’s time that the House of Representatives listens to the American people.”



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