Business

Why ASEAN membership matters for Timor-Leste, SEA’s smallest economy

Published

3 months ago

October 30, 2025

Timor-Leste, Southeast Asia’s smallest economy, is now ASEAN’s newest member.

On Oct 26, the regional body voted in the island nation as its eleventh member at the ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur. Timor-Leste first applied for membership in 2011, just under a decade after it won formal independence from Indonesia, its much larger neighbor. Timor-Leste, also known as East Timor, is ASEAN’s first new member since 1999, when the bloc welcomed Cambodia into the group.

“Timor-Leste has struggled with securing investments, due to the country’s instability and associated risks,” says Norashiqin Toh, a post-doctoral fellow at Tsinghua University’s Institute for Advanced Study in Humanities and Social Sciences.

“Becoming a member of ASEAN will likely send a credible signal to international investors of the country’s political stability, and also attract further investments from businesses in other ASEAN member states.”

ASEAN, or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is a regional grouping which seeks to promote economic and security cooperation among its members. Founded in 1967, ASEAN began with five member nations: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. It has since expanded to include other regional countries, namely Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Brunei and Myanmar.

A turbulent past

Timor-Leste is Asia’s youngest nation, gaining independence on May 20, 2002. The eastern half of the island of Timor was colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century. The territory remained under Portuguese rule, apart from a brief Japanese occupation during the Second World War, until 1975, when a left-wing Portuguese government pledged to withdraw from all its colonies.

Indonesia invaded Timor-Leste just a week after Portugal withdrew, leading to almost a quarter-century of occupation marked by severe human rights abuses.

In 1999, Timor-Leste’s population voted overwhelmingly for independence in a United Nations-sponsored referendum. The vote was organised at the request of then-Indonesian president B. J. Habibie, allowing its people to choose between independence or greater autonomy within Indonesia. A few years later, in 2002, Timor-Leste became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century.

In the 23 years since its independence, Timor-Leste has made significant progress in nation building, expanding critical infrastructure like roads, airports, and internet access. The country has also eradicated once-rampant tropical diseases like malaria.

Yet much of Timor-Leste’s development can be credited to its reliance on oil and gas revenue, which at times made up over 90% of the country’s GDP. As of 2024, the country’s GDP stood at approximately $2 billion, making it ASEAN’s smallest economy. (The next smallest economy, Laos, has a GDP of around $16.5 billion).

Timor-Leste’s oil and gas wells are already running dry, with oil production at the Bayu-Undan field in the Timor Sea—the country’s only producing field—ceasing production in June 2025.

The Singapore strategy

There are also geopolitical benefits to ASEAN membership. Timor-Leste now has access to ASEAN-led security and economic mechanisms, and the country can now leverage the coalition to engage with external partners such as China, the U.S., and Australia.

“This is similar to Singapore’s strategy of a small country utilizing the bloc to increase its influence,” says Pasha L. Hsieh, a law professor from the Singapore Management University.

Being a member of ASEAN also gives Timor-Leste a seat at the table with world leaders it might not be able to access on its own, Toh, from Tsinghua, adds. “Many formal and informal bilateral meetings occur on the sidelines of summits such as the ASEAN summit, so Timor-Leste can use the opportunity to develop its political ties,” she says.

Economically, the country will also benefit from near-zero tariffs in the ASEAN market, which can help diversify its industry.

Additionally, Timor-Leste will likely become part of the Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI), says Joanne Lin, a senior fellow and coordinator from the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, a research center based in Singapore.

The initiative provides targeted capacity-building support for newer and less developed ASEAN members—namely Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia—to strengthen institutions, infrastructure and human capital.

“This will help Dili better align with ASEAN’s economic and technical standards,” Lin says.

And importantly, Timor-Leste’s ASEAN membership is an affirmation of its sovereignty, putting it in equal standing with its former occupier, Indonesia, within the regional bloc.

Timor-Leste’s ASEAN admission “reflects the strength of its democracy, built through regular elections, peaceful political transitions and a vibrant civil society that continues to hold institutions accountable,” Lin says.

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Business

Crypto market reels in face of tariff turmoil, Bitcoin falls below $90,000 as key legislation stalls

Published

28 minutes ago

January 20, 2026

Jace Porter

If you don’t like the price of Bitcoin, wait five minutes, and it will change. The major cryptocurrency’s volatility has been on full display to start the year, this time dipping about 7% since last week to its current price of just under $90,000 as of mid-day Tuesday.

Other cryptocurrencies have also slid. Ethereum is down 11% in the last six days to its current price of about $3,000, and Solana is down about 14% during that time to its price of about $127.

The dip comes as President Donald Trump threatened European nations with tariffs as they pushed back against his plans to take over Greenland, causing markets to scramble. Meanwhile, crypto markets faced an additional headwind as key legislation for the industry, known as the Clarity Act, became stalled after industry giant Coinbase unexpectedly withdrew its support late last week.

“President Trump’s threat to impose tariffs on Europe has put Bitcoin under pressure,” said Russell Thompson, chief investment officer at Hilbert Group. “The postponement of the Clarity Act in the Senate committee mainly due to concerns from Coinbase eliminated a large amount of positive sentiment in the market.”

Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong objected to the Clarity Act primarily on grounds that crypto owners would not be able to earn yield from stablecoins. The new uncertainty over the bill, which many assumed was on a smooth path towards a Presidential signature, has shaken the price not just of crypto assets but also the share price of companies exposed to digital assets.

It’s uncertain whether the current headwinds will fade anytime soon. Trump has made his intentions of taking control of Greenland clear. When a group of European nations expressed solidarity with the Danish, he threatened those countries with tariffs, saying he would not back down until Greenland was purchased. Bitcoin and other risk assets subsequently fell, along with major stock indices, while the price of gold rose.

It’s not all gloom and doom for crypto, at least according to some analysts, who view Bitcoin’s correlation with macroeconomic forces as confirmation that digital assets have finally gone mainstream.

“Bitcoin’s reactivity is another sign of its increasing integration with broader macroeconomic forces, signaling maturation rather than fragility, even as short-term volatility continues,” said Beto Aparicio, senior manager of strategic finance at Offchain Labs.

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Business

The 9 most disruptive deals of Trump’s first year back in the White House

Published

59 minutes ago

January 20, 2026

Jace Porter

President Trump lives on deals: “That’s what I do—I do deals,” he once told Bob Woodward. On the one-year anniversary of his second presidency, he’s pushing hard to make his biggest, most disruptive deal ever, one that would bring Greenland under the control of the U.S.—and the global business community is still scrambling to adapt to his approach. Here are nine of Trump’s most unorthodox deals from the past year.

Nine deals that shook the business world

April 2, 2025: Reciprocal tariffs

Trump imposes “reciprocal tariffs” on 57 countries, with each tariff understood as an opening bid in a negotiation. Several countries have since made deals. The one-on-one negotiations, unlike the multilateral system of the past 80 years, can be chaotic for companies and economies

June 13: U.S. Steel “Golden Share”

In return for allowing Nippon Steel to buy U.S. Steel, Trump requires that the U.S. receive several powers over the company, including total power over all the board’s independent directors and vetoes over locations of offices and factories.

July 10: MP Materials

The U.S. pays $400 million for a large equity share in MP and signs a contract to buy all of MP’s rare earth magnets for 10 years. The reason for the equity stake was not disclosed.

July 14: Nvidia, Part 1

JADE GAO—AFP/Getty Images

Trump reverses the U.S. ban on selling Nvidia H20 chips to China in exchange for Nvidia paying the U.S. 15% of the revenue.

July 23: Columbia University

The Trump administration restores $400 million of canceled federal research funding for the university under an unprecedented multipoint deal. For example, Columbia must supply data to the federal government for all applicants, broken down by race, “color,” GPA, and standardized test performance. A few other schools later make similar deals.

August 6: Apple

At a public appearance with Trump, CEO Tim Cook announces Apple will invest an additional $100 billion in the U.S. over four years; Trump announces Apple will be exempt from a planned tariff on imported chips that would have doubled the price of iPhones in the U.S.

August 22: Intel

Intel trades the U.S. government a 9.9% equity stake in exchange for $8.9 billion that might already be owed to Intel under the CHIPS and Science Act. The deal is unusual because the company was not in immediate danger or significantly affecting the economy.

December 8: Nvidia, Part 2:

Trump reverses the U.S. ban on selling powerful Nvidia H200 chips in exchange for Nvidia paying the U.S. 25% of the revenue. Both Nvidia deals are unusual because the payments to the U.S., based on exports, appear to be forbidden by the Constitution.

December 19: Pharma

Nine pharmaceutical companies make deals with Trump that are intended to lower drug prices. This is unusual because Trump negotiated separate deals with each company, and the terms have not been released.

All eyes this week will be watching President Trump at the World Economic Forum in Davos, where the president has hinted he’ll announce some high-stakes agreements. Expect the unexpected.

A version of this piece appears in the February/March 2026 issue of Fortune.

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Business

Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella’s biggest AI bubble warning yet is a challenge to the Fortune 500

Published

2 hours ago

January 20, 2026

Jace Porter

Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella has been leading the charge on artificial intelligence (AI) for years, owing to his long alliance with OpenAI’s Sam Altman and the groundbreaking work from his own AI CEO, Mustafa Suleyman, particularly with the Copilot tool. But Nadella has not spoken often about the fears that rattled Wall Street for much of the back half of 2025: whether AI is a bubble.

At the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, Nadella sat for a conversation with the Forum’s interim co-chair, BlackRock CEO Larry Fink, explaining that if AI growth spawns solely from investment, then that could be signs of a bubble. “A telltale sign of if it’s a bubble would be if all we are talking about are the tech firms,” Nadella said. “If all we talk about is what’s happening to the technology side then it’s just purely supply side.”

However, Nadella offers a fix to that productivity dilemma, calling on business leaders to adopt a new approach to knowledge work by shifting workflows to match the structural design of AI. “The mindset we as leaders should have is, we need to think about changing the work—the workflow—with the technology.”

Growing pains

This change is not wholly unprecedented, as Nadella pointed out, comparing the current moment to that of the 1980s, when computing revolutionized the workplace and opened up new opportunities for growth and productivity and created a new class of workers. “We invented this entire class of thing called knowledge work, where people started really using computers to amplify what we were trying to achieve using software,” he said. “I think in the context of AI, that same thing is going to happen.”

Nadella argues that AI creates a “complete inversion” of how information moves through a business, replacing slow, hierarchical processes with a view that forces leaders to rethink their organizational structures. “We have an organization, we have departments, we have these specializations, and the information trickles up,” Nadella said. “No, no, it’s actually it flattens the entire information flow. So once you start having that, you have to redesign structurally.”

That shift may be harder for some Fortune 500 companies as structural changes could be accompanied by uncomfortable growing pains. Nadella says that leaner companies will be able to more easily adopt AI because their organizational structures are fresher and more malleable. On the other hand, large companies could take time to adopt new workflows.

Despite widespread adoption of AI, the 29th edition of PwC’s global CEO survey found that only 10% to 12% of companies reported seeing benefits of the technology on the revenue or cost side, while 56% reported getting nothing out of it. It follows up on an even more pessimistic finding about AI returns from August 2025: that 95% of generative AI pilots were failing.

PwC Global Chairman Mohamed Kande spoke to Fortune’s Diane Brady in Davos about the finding that many CEOs are cautious and lack confidence at this stage of the AI adoption cycle. “Somehow AI moves so fast … that people forgot that the adoption of technology, you have to go to the basics,” he explained, with the survey finding that the companies seeing benefits from AI are “putting the foundations in place.” It’s about execution more than it is about technology, he argued, and good management and leadership are really going to matter going forward.

“For large organizations,” Nadella told Fink, “there’s a fundamental challenge: Unless and until your rate of change keeps up with what is possible, you’re going to get schooled by someone small being able to achieve scale because of these tools.”

New entrants have the advantage of “starting fresh” and constructing workflows around AI capabilities, while larger firms will have to contend with the flattening effect AI has on entire departments and specializations.

To be sure, Nadella says that large organizations have kept an upper hand, especially when it comes to relationships, data, and know-how. However, he maintains that firms must understand how to use those resources to their advantage to change management style, then that could pose a major roadblock.

“The bottom line is, if you don’t translate that with a new production function, then you really will be stuck,” he said.

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