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What is a bear market? How Trump’s tariff blitz caused a market meltdown that could send the S&P 500 to lows not seen since 2022

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 Wall Street could soon be in the claws of another bear market as the Trump administration’s tariff blitz fuels fears that the added taxes on imported goods from around the world will sink the global economy.

The last bear market happened in 2022, but this decline feels more like the sudden, turbulent bear market of 2020, when the benchmark S&P 500 index tumbled 34% in a one-month period, the shortest bear market ever.

Here are some common questions about bear markets:

Why is it called a bear market?

A bear market is a term used by Wall Street when an index such as the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average has fallen 20% or more from a recent high for a sustained period of time.

Why use a bear to refer to a market slump? Bears hibernate, so they represent a stock market that’s retreating. In contrast, Wall Street’s nickname for a surging market is a bull market, because bulls charge.

The S&P 500, Wall Street’s main barometer of health, closed 0.2% lower Monday after having been down by as much as 4.7%. It’s now 17.6% below the all-time high it set on Feb. 19.

The Dow industrials fell 0.9%, and the tech-heavy Nasdaq composite, which already was in a bear market, bounced back from an early slide to eke out a 0.1% gain.

The most recent bear market for the S&P 500 ran from Jan. 3 to Oct. 12 in 2022.

What’s bothering investors?

The trade war has ratcheted up fear and uncertainty on Wall Street over how businesses and consumers will respond.

President Donald Trump followed through on tariff threats last week by declaring a 10% baseline tax on imports from all countries and higher tariff rates on dozens of nations that run trade surpluses with the United States.

Global markets cratered the next day, and the sell-off deepened after China announced it would retaliate with tariffs equal to the ones from the U.S.

Tariffs cause economic pain in part because they’re a tax paid by importers that often gets passed along to consumers, adding to inflationary pressure. They also provoke trading partners into retaliating, which can hurt all economies involved.

Import taxes can also cause economic damage by complicating the decisions businesses have to make, including which suppliers to use, where to locate factories and what prices to charge. And that uncertainty can cause them to delay or cancel investments that help drive economic growth.

The tariffs come at a time when the U.S. economy is already showing signs of slowing. Markets are also worried that tariffs could fuel inflation, which recently ticked higher.

How long do bear markets last and how deep do they go?

On average, bear markets have taken 13 months to go from peak to trough and 27 months to get back to breakeven since World War II. The S&P 500 index has fallen an average of 33% during bear markets in that time. The biggest decline since 1945 occurred in the 2007-2009 bear market, when the S&P 500 fell 57%.

History shows that the faster an index enters into a bear market, the shallower they tend to be. Historically, stocks have taken 251 days (8.3 months) to fall into a bear market. When the S&P 500 has fallen 20% at a faster clip, the index has averaged a loss of 28%.

The longest bear market lasted 61 months and ended in March 1942. It cut the index by 60%.

When is a bear market over?

Generally, investors look for a 20% gain from a low point as well as sustained gains over at least a six-month period. It took less than three weeks for stocks to rise 20% from their low in March 2020.

Should investors sell now?

If you need the money now or want to lock in the losses, yes. Otherwise, many advisers suggest riding through the ups and downs while remembering the swings are the price of admission for the stronger returns that stocks have provided over the long term.

While dumping stocks would stop the bleeding, it would also prevent any potential gains. Many of the best days for Wall Street have occurred either during a bear market or just after one ended. That includes two separate days in the middle of the 2007-2009 bear market when the S&P 500 surged roughly 11%, as well as leaps of better than 9% during and shortly after the monthlong 2020 bear market.

Advisers suggest putting money into stocks only if it will not be needed for several years. The S&P 500 has come back from every one of its prior bear markets to eventually rise to another all-time high.

The down decade for the stock market following the 2000 bursting of the dot-com bubble was a notoriously brutal stretch, but stocks have often been able to regain their highs within a few years.

This story was originally featured on Fortune.com



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Dow futures climb as stocks point higher after Trump issues temporary tariff exemptions on key tech imports

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  • US stocks were poised for more gains heading into a new trading week after a series of wild swings last week as investors navigated the latest twists and turns in President Donald Trump’s trade war. Late Friday, his administration unveiled tariff exemptions, but he warned they are temporary.

Stock futures pointed higher Sunday night, signaling more gains after markets endured a series of wild swings last week as President Donald Trump’s tariff regime has been a moving target.

Futures for the Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 124 points, or 0.31%, while S&P 500 futures were up 0.58%, and Nasdaq futures jumped 0.85%.

The yield on the 10-year Treasury was little changed at 4.497%, and the US Dollar Index ticked 0.24% lower, though the greenback gained 0.14% against the euro.

US crude oil prices dipped 0.26% to $61.34 a barrel, and Brent crude fell 0.29% to $64.57 as fears of a tariff-induced global recession weighed on energy demand forecasts.

Early last week, stocks tumbled as markets continued to reel from Trump’s aggressive “Liberation Day” tariffs, then they soared when he announced a 90-day hold for most of them. But stocks sank later as China retaliated but rallied on Friday.

Then in a notice published late Friday night, US Customs and Border Protection issued new guidance on his so-called reciprocal tariffs, carving out exemptions for smartphones, chips, as well as other top consumer electronics and tech components.

Wedbush analyst Dan Ives called the exemptions the “best possible news for tech investors,” allowing Apple, Nvidia, Microsoft and tech giants to breathe a sigh of relief.  

But on Sunday, Trump and administration officials warned the reprieve is only temporary as new duties will hit tech imports, though presumably the rates won’t be as high as the 145% level China faces.

While Trump can give stocks a boost, bond and currency markets may not be so easily impressed as they rapidly de-dollarize.

That’s as US assets that were traditionally viewed as safe havens are losing that status amid a shift away from the dollar, with former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers warning that US bonds are trading like those of an emerging market nation.

“The market is rapidly de-dollarizing,” George Saravelos, global head of FX research at Deutsche Bank, said in a note this past week, adding that “the market has lost faith in US assets, so that instead of closing the asset-liability mismatch by hoarding dollar liquidity it is actively selling down the US assets themselves.” 

This story was originally featured on Fortune.com



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Trump’s energy secretary says average oil prices will be lower

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Energy prices are set to be lower under the current US administration than in the prior one, according to US Energy Secretary Chris Wright.

“Under President Trump’s leadership in the next four years we’ll almost certainly see lower average energy prices than we saw in the last four years of the previous administration,” Wright said at a briefing with reporters in Riyadh. He declined to comment on specific price targets.

The US under Biden frequently clashed with Saudi Arabia over energy policy after the US felt its entreaties to boost production and lower prices to deal with inflation were ignored. Crude averaged about $83 a barrel between 2017 and 2021, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

“I can’t comment about where oil prices are today or where they’re going, but if you reduce barriers to investment, reduce barriers to build infrastructure, you can lower the supply costs of energy,” Wright said.

Oil prices have been in decline recently after Saudi Arabia and other oil producing countries pledged to boost output and Trump shook markets with broad tariffs. Crude fell to less than $65 a barrel, its lowest level since the coronavirus pandemic and well below the level at which Saudi Arabia balances its budget. That could threaten the kingdom’s ability to continue funding its vast economic transformation plans, according to Goldman Sachs.

Still, the US and Saudi Arabia are eye-to-eye on energy markets, Wright said. “President Trump — and I think the Kingdom — want to see increased demand for energy around the globe and we want to see increased supply.”

The US and Saudi Arabia are also working on a preliminary agreement to cooperate on civilian nuclear power production and expect to make progress on that this year, Wright said. The two countries are on a ‘pathway’ to an accord that would involve non-proliferation and control of nuclear technologies, he said. 

The kingdom would need to sign a so-called 123 agreement, which covers areas including nuclear proliferation issues and technology transfer, Wright said. The US also views it as “critical” that Saudi Arabia does not seek to partner with China on the development of its nuclear program. 

“That view is shared across the two nations and the fact that that may have been in doubt is probably indicative of unproductive relationships between the United States and Saudi Arabia over the last several years,” he said.

Saudi Arabia has previously sought bids from foreign developers including Russian and Chinese companies, along with French and South Korean ones, to build nuclear power reactors.

Under the Biden administration, US cooperation on Saudi Arabia’s nuclear power program had been mooted as part of a broader deal that would also see the two countries sign a defence pact and deepen trade relations. That would have also involved Saudi Arabia agreeing to normalize relations with Israel. However, it was derailed after the Oct. 7 attacks on Israel by Hamas and Israel’s military response.

Wright was in Riyadh as part of a tour of several Middle East countries and which had included meetings with Saudi Minister of Energy Prince Abdulaziz Bin Salman.

This story was originally featured on Fortune.com



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These market veterans still think America is the best place to put your money — ‘Tech Trumps Tariffs even if Mickey Mouse or a clown were to run the US!’

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  • President Donald Trump’s aggressive tariff campaign is creating doubts about the attractiveness and safety of US assets. But there are still some who believe the US will produce the best returns, despite an epic selloff and signs of a shifting world order. That’s due in part to America’s dominance in critical technologies.

The idea of “American exceptionalism” in the global economy and financial markets has rapidly lost favor this year as President Donald Trump embarks on an aggressive tariff campaign that is creating doubts about US assets.

Stocks have suffered an epic meltdown and only partially recouped their losses. The dollar and Treasury bonds are losing their safe haven status. The economy may slip into a recession, soaring debt may start to overwhelm the “exorbitant privilege” the US enjoys, and the world was already having trust issues with America.

In contrast, markets in China and Europe have been relative outperformers this year after years of lagging behind the US.

But there are still some market veterans who believe the US is the place to be, due in part to America’s dominance in critical innovations.

‘Tech Trumps Tariffs’

Nouriel Roubini, an economist and CEO of the consultancy Roubini Macro Associates, believes “tech trumps tariffs” in the short run and the medium term.

The US boasts leadership in key technologies and industries, so it doesn’t matter who the president is, he wrote in a post on X on Thursday. Meanwhile, China comes in a “close second,” and Europe is out of the picture completely.

Roubini estimates that tech innovations will increase US potential growth by 200 basis points from 2% to 4% by 2030, while tariffs would drag down growth by 50 basis points, even assuming a permanent average rate of 15% after negotiations.

“So Tech Trumps Tariffs even if Mickey Mouse or a clown were to run the US! It doesn’t matter and American exceptionalism will remain and be resilient regardless of Trump given the hyper dynamism and innovations of the US private sector,” he added.

A critical part of Roubini’s thesis is that the nature of innovation itself is shifting from producing an “initial growth spurt that fizzles out over time” to exponential growth that accelerates and gives first-movers enduring advantages versus followers.

He pointed to DeepSeek’s AI model that shocked Silicon Valley earlier this year, saying it’s not a revolution but an evolution that owes its existence to US companies like OpenAI and their years of massive investments.

“MAG-7, hyperscalers and tech firms (in Nasdaq) could not care less about tariffs,” he added. “They gotta continue and increase massive Ai capex to avoid becoming obsolete relative to each other.”

‘Stay Home’

Meanwhile, Ed Yardeni has said that if Trump’s tariffs cause a recession, the US will suffer less than international markets and economies would.

“While some allocation to key international markets might be warranted over a long-term time horizon, we are sticking with our Stay Home investment bias,” he wrote in a note early Wednesday.

That came before Trump put a 90-day pause on his “reciprocal tariffs” on Wednesday afternoon and Friday night’s exemptions on tech imports. But Trump also warned Sunday that tariffs will eventually hit the “whole electronic supply chain.”

Still, the US enjoys full employment, is a net energy exporter, and has a flexible services-driven economy, with productivity growth that’s strong enough to outweigh pressures from supply-chain realignment and less immigration, Yardeni explained.

On the other side, China’s export-driven growth strategy may not work without US demand, while Germany’s manufacturers are being crushed by China, he added.

‘The US has a lot positive going for it’

Then there’s Mark Delaney, chief investment officer at AustralianSuper, which manages $223 billion of assets.

He told the Financial Times on Tuesday that the US is still the most attractive region for long-term investments, even as he acknowledged that Trump’s tariffs were a “significant volatility event.”

In fact, he hasn’t reduced his fund’s US exposure in recent weeks, and it remains more than half of AustralianSuper’s international holdings.

“The US has a lot positive going for it—strong economic performance (though it’s given a bit back), strong productivity growth, strong profit growth and, by any measure, many of the best companies in the world—all that makes it an attractive place to store capital,” Delaney told the FT

Even though global trade flows could be upended by tariffs, the companies he’s investing in will likely be affected less.

That’s because tariffs are targeting goods instead of services—for now—though any escalation in the trade war may eventually hit those too.

“Look at any investor’s major holdings,” Delaney said. “There aren’t that many goods, it’s mostly services, that’s the way the global economy has evolved.”

This story was originally featured on Fortune.com



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