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Powell suggested tech giants fueling the AI boom hardly care about Fed rates. They proved him right

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While Wall Street seems to live and die on the slightest hints about the Federal Reserve’s rate stance, Chairman Jerome Powell doesn’t think the tech giants behind the AI boom will be swayed by incremental moves in monetary policy.

After the Fed cut rates by another 25 basis points on Wednesday, Powell noted the AI spending explosion is supported by actual earnings, unlike the dot-com bubble. As a result, borrowing costs are less of an issue.

“I don’t think the spending that happens to build data centers all over the country is especially interest-sensitive,” he said. “It’s based on longer-run assessments that this is an area where there’s going to be a lot of investment that’s going to drive higher productivity and that sort of thing.”

Powell added companies are “making money in building them—it’s not about 25 basis points here or there.”

In fact, Morgan Stanley has estimated the so-called AI hyperscalers plan to spend about $3 trillion on data centers and other infrastructure through 2028, with about half that amount likely coming from cash flows.

Right on cue, earnings reports late Wednesday from Alphabet, [hotlink]Meta Platforms,[/hotlink] and Microsoft showed they made a combined $78 billion in capital expenditures in the third quarter alone, up 89% from a year earlier. And the spending will speed up.

Google said its capital expenditures for this year would be $91 billion-$93 billion, up from a prior view of $75 billion-$85 billion and the $52.5 billion spent in 2024.

Meta said investment will grow “notably larger” in 2026 after nearly doubling this year to $72 billion. The social-media giant also sold $30 billion in corporate bonds this week to help feed the spending spree, despite spooking investors about the additional debt it’s taking on.

And on Thursday, Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said the company will “continue to be very aggressive in investing capacity” because demand is strong enough to support it. “As fast as we’re adding capacity right now, we’re monetizing it.”

Similarly, Microsoft said the tens of billions of dollars in recent spending are still not enough to satisfy the enormous demand for AI and related services.

“I thought we were going to catch up,” CFO Amy Hood said. “We are not. Demand is increasing. It is not increasing in just one place. It is increasing across many places.”

The tech giants are also borrowing from private credit. UBS recently estimated at least $50 billion in private credit has been flowing to AI each quarter for the past three quarters. That’s about two to three times what public credit markets are providing.

All that investment is moving the needle on the U.S. economy. Powell acknowledged as much on Wednesday, and JPMorgan recently estimated AI-related capex contributed 1.1 percentage points to GDP growth in the first half of this year, outpacing consumer spending as a growth driver.

The nature of AI spending is also evolving and will continue to felt across the economy, according to JPMorgan global market strategist Stephanie Aliaga.

“Official data primarily reflect the first phase of AI investment, emphasizing chips, servers, and networking equipment,” she said in a note last month. “This next phase is targeting supporting infrastructure such as power plants and grid upgrades, which can take years to plan, permit, and build. Early signs of this phase are emerging, but the full impact is likely ahead.”



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Credit card companies are jacking up annual fees for airport lounges

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For every passenger trying to decide if a $17 slimy ham and cheese croissant and their phone’s 34% remaining battery will sustain them for a four-hour layover, there’s someone smugly sipping a complimentary gin and tonic in a secret luxury lounge.

Once a refuge for frequent business travelers, airport lounges are increasingly becoming more popular (and crowded) with casual travelers, encouraging some companies to create even more exclusive spaces—or raise the barrier to entry:

  • Capital One opened its largest lounge (13,500 square feet) in June at NYC’s JFK Airport, complete with Ess-a-Bagels and a designated cheesemonger (as well as classic lounge amenities, like shower suites and a cocktail bar).
  • Over half of JFK’s overall Terminal 4 lounge space has been added in the last two years.

How much would you pay for exclusivity?

The increase in global airport lounge visits in 2024 (31%) has outpaced growth in air traffic overall (10.4%) compared to the previous year. And access isn’t cheap. United charges $750 annually for individual access to its airport lounge network. Amex recently announced that the annual fee for its Platinum card—which includes the perk of lounge access—is increasing from $695 to $895. And one of the most popular travel perk cards, the Chase Sapphire Reserve, just ratcheted up its annual fee from $550 to $795.—MM

This report was originally published by Morning Brew.



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Trump’s $2,000 tariff ‘dividends’ would cost twice as much as the revenue coming in, budget watchdog warns

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President Trump’s recent proposal to pay Americans “at least $2,000 a person” from new tariff revenue—a policy he calls “tariff dividends”—is facing sharp criticism from a budget watchdog, who calculates that the plan will actually lose twice as much money for the country as the tariffs are generating.

Writing in a weekend post on Truth Social, Trump argued that tariff revenues could be redistributed directly to individuals in the form of annual payments, with “high income people” excluded from the payouts. The idea, pitched as a way both to reward taxpayers and possibly reduce the national debt, bears a strong resemblance to the structure of the COVID-era Economic Impact Payments, according to an analysis by the nonpartisan Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget (CRFB).

But the numbers reveal a steep fiscal challenge. The CRFB estimates that distributing just a single round of $2,000 payments to Americans—calculated to match the COVID payments, which included both adults and children—would cost the federal government around $600 billion per year. By contrast, the tariffs that Trump has championed have raised about $100 billion to date and, even accounting for pending legal cases, are only projected to raise about $300 billion annually going forward.

Deficits could skyrocket

“If tariff dividends are paid annually, deficits would increase by $6 trillion over ten years,” the CRFB writes, “roughly twice as much as President Trump’s tariffs are estimated to raise over the same time period.” This means not only that the revenue from tariffs would fail to cover dividend payouts, but also that the policy would exacerbate America’s long-term fiscal challenges.

To put the numbers in perspective, if dividends were paid out on a “revenue neutral” basis—matching payouts to actual tariff revenue—the analysis estimates that payments could be made only every other year, starting in early 2027. Should the Supreme Court uphold current lower court rulings that have deemed some of Trump’s tariffs illegal, remaining tariffs would only cover the dividend payments once every seven years.

Debt implications

Beyond blowing past the revenue generated, diverting all tariff proceeds to pay these dividends would restrict the government’s ability to use tariff income for reducing deficits or paying down debt, as some administration officials have proposed. The CRFB warns that using all tariff revenue for rebates would push federal debt to 127% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2035, compared to 120% under current law. If $2,000 dividends were paid annually, that figure could jump further, reaching 134% of GDP over the same period.

Such projections come at a time when annual budget deficits are nearing $2 trillion and national debt is quickly approaching an all-time high, making fiscal discipline a top concern for watchdogs and policy analysts.

Trump’s proposal draws inspiration from pandemic-era Economic Impact Payments (EIPs), but those measures were carefully income-tested to phase out payments for individuals earning over $75,000 and joint filers over $150,000. The CRFB said its analysis used similar eligibility parameters for its cost estimate, suggesting that without strict limits, the fiscal hit could be even higher.

For this story, Fortune used generative AI to help with an initial draft. An editor verified the accuracy of the information before publishing. 



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Wendy’s plans hundreds of store closures to boost profits

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Wendy’s plans to close hundreds U.S. restaurants over the next few months in an effort to boost its profit.

The Dublin, Ohio-based chain said during a conference call with investors Friday that it planned to begin closing restaurants in the fourth quarter of this year. The company said it expected a “mid-single-digit percentage” of its U.S. stores to be affected, but it didn’t give any more details.

Wendy’s ended the third quarter with 6,011 U.S. restaurants. If 5% of those locations were impacted, it would mean 300 store closures.

The new round of closures comes on top of the closure of 240 U.S. Wendy’s locations in 2024. At the time, Wendy’s said that many of the 55-year-old chain’s restaurants are simply out of date.

Ken Cook, Wendy’s interim CEO, said Friday the company believes closing locations that are underperforming – whether it’s from a financial or customer service perspective – will help improve traffic and profitability at its remaining U.S. restaurants.

Cook became Wendy’s CEO in July after the company’s previous CEO, Kirk Tanner, left to become the president and CEO of Hershey Co.

“When we look at the system today, we have some restaurants that do not elevate the brand and are a drag from a franchisee financial performance perspective. The goal is to address and fix those restaurants,” Cook said during a conference call with investors.

Cook said in some cases, Wendy’s will make improvements to struggling stores, including adding technology or equipment. In other cases, it will transfer ownership to a different operator or close the restaurant altogether.

U.S. fast food chains have been struggling to attract lower-income U.S. consumers in the past few years as inflation has raised prices. In the July-September period, Wendy’s said its U.S. same-store sales, or sales at locations open at least a year, fell 5% compared to the same period last year.

Cook said $5 and $8 meal deals — which have been matched by McDonald’s — have helped bring some traffic back to its U.S. stores. But Wendy’s isn’t doing a good job of bringing in new customers, Cook said, so the company plans to shift its marketing to emphasize its value and the freshness of its ingredients.

Wendy’s shares dropped 7% Friday. On Monday, they were down 6% in afternoon trading.



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