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How AI is changing earnings call analysis—and stock picks

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Good morning. Analysts and investors increasingly are using generative AI to review earnings calls, but new research suggests large language models (LLMs) may soon become powerful tools for stock selections.

For many years, financial sentiment analysis relied on simple word lists. Take for instance, on an earnings call, that would mean counting a CEO or CFO’s positive phrases like “strong growth” and negative ones like “unexpected losses”—to assign a sentiment score. This rules-based system was transparent and easy to explain.

LLMs, in contrast, interpret context and language structure, allowing them to recognize that phrases such as “growth slowed less than expected” are positive, despite negative words, according to a study by S&P Global Market Intelligence. The findings demonstrate that LLMs can extract insights from earnings call transcripts and convert them into actionable trading signals. These AI-driven signals closely match those from traditional, rules-based sentiment models, showing both methods measure the same underlying reality.

While LLMs are more complex and costly, the study found their fine-tuned strategies could have delivered double the excess return compared to traditional approaches—particularly as market inefficiencies shrink. For example, a long-short strategy using LLM-based signals achieved 8.4% annual returns, twice the performance of traditional benchmarks (4.2%), according to S&P Global Market Intelligence.

Courtesy of S&P Global Market Intelligence

Courtesy of S&P Global Market Intelligence

“The real edge is precision,” said Mengmeng Ao, quantitative research analyst at S&P Global Market Intelligence. “Lexicons do well at the headline level, but LLMs separate what’s material from what’s noise. That context is what investors care about.”

Other key findings: When LLMs flagged highly important financial events, sentiment signals delivered 6.4% excess annual returns—double those for medium-importance events (3.2%) and nearly four times those for low-importance events (1.7%).

It seems that LLM-driven investment strategies have the potential to reshape how the markets move.

Sheryl Estrada
sheryl.estrada@fortune.com

Leaderboard

Brett Summerer was appointed CFO of Accel Entertainment, Inc. (NYSE: ACEL), a gaming operator, effective Sept. 22. Summerer succeeds Mark Phelan, who has served as acting CFO in addition to his ongoing role as president, U.S. Gaming. Summerer has over 25 years of experience. His prior leadership roles at Kraft Heinz, Corning, and General Motors included managing global P&Ls, leading strategic initiatives, and driving profitable growth. Most recently, Summerer served as CFO of Verano Holdings. 

Josh Greear was appointed CFO of Authority Brands, a multi-brand franchisor in the home services sector. Greear has more than 25 years of experience in franchising, financial leadership, and business strategy. He most recently served as CFO at Primrose Schools, a national early education and care franchise. Before that, Greear held senior leadership roles, including VP of strategy and business development at Cracker Barrel.

Big Deal

Every technology investment is fundamentally a business decision, and a strong partnership between the CIO and CFO is critical for managing technology spending, risk, and value across the company, according to Gartner. As digital investments become vital for competitiveness and growth, the distinction between “IT” and broader enterprise strategy continues to blur.

Gartner recommends four steps to build a strong CIO-CFO partnership. One is financial transparency: map IT spend from four stakeholder perspectives. Executives will focus on ROI, technologists on technology spend, business leaders on function-specific applications or services, and finance on consumption, according to the firm.

Going deeper

The latest edition of “This Week in Business,” a podcast from The Wharton School, examines the impact of artificial intelligence. Kent Smetters, professor of business economics and public policy, explores how AI could affect productivity, GDP, and federal debt, providing data-driven insights that challenge assumptions about AI as a fiscal solution.

Overheard

“Getting fired from Salomon Brothers drove home a lesson that I’ve carried throughout my career in business, government, and philanthropy: Every setback is an opportunity.”

—Mike Bloomberg, billionaire businessman, politician, and philanthropist, told Fortune. About 44 years ago—before founding his media company or serving as the 108th Mayor of New York City—Bloomberg was let go from his role as partner at investment bank Salomon Brothers following its acquisition by Phibro Corporation. It would be the last time he worked a traditional full-time job. 

This is the web version of CFO Daily, a newsletter on the trends and individuals shaping corporate finance. Sign up for free.



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Binance has been proudly nomadic for years. A new announcement suggests it’s chosen an HQ

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For years, Binance has dodged questions about where it plans to establish a corporate headquarters. On Monday, the world’s largest crypto exchange made an announcement that indicates it has chosen a location: Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates.

In its announcement, Binance reported that it has secured three global financial licenses within Abu Dhabi Global Market, a special economic zone inside the Emirati city. The licenses regulate three different prongs of the exchange’s business: its exchange, clearinghouse, and broker dealer services. The three regulated entities are named Nest Exchange Limited, Nest Clearing and Custody Limited, and Nest Trading Limited, respectively.

Richard Teng, the co-CEO of Binance, declined to say whether Abu Dhabi is now Binance’s global headquarters. “But for all intents and purposes, if you look at the regulatory sphere, I think the global regulators are more concerned of where we are regulated on a global basis,” he said, adding that Abu Dhabi Global Market is where his crypto exchange’s “global platform” will be governed.

A company spokesperson declined to add more to Teng’s comments, but did not deny Fortune’s assertion that Binance appears to have chosen Abu Dhabai as its headquarters.

Corporate governance

The Abu Dhabi announcement suggests that Binance, which has for years taken pride in branding itself as a company with no fixed location, is bowing to the practical considerations that go with being a major financial firm—and the corporate governance obligations that entails.

When Changpeng Zhao, the cofounder and former CEO of Binance, launched the company in 2017, he initially established the exchange in Hong Kong. But, weeks after he registered Binance in the city, China banned cryptocurrency trading, and Zhao moved his nascent trading platform. Binance has since been itinerant. “Wherever I sit is going to be the Binance office,” Zhao said in 2020.

The location of a company’s headquarters impacts its tax obligations and what regulations it needs to follow. In 2023, after Binance reached a landmark $4.3 billion settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice, Zhao stepped down as CEO and pleaded guilty to failing to implement an effective anti-money laundering program.

Teng took over and promised to implement the corporate structures—like a board of directors—that are the norm for companies of Binance’s size. Teng, who now shares the CEO role with the newly appointed Yi He, oversaw the appointment of Binance’s first board in April 2024. And he’s repeatedly telegraphed that his crypto exchange is focused on regulatory compliance.

Binance already has a strong footprint in the Emirates. It has a crypto license in Dubai, received a $2 billion investment from an Emirati venture fund in March, and, that same month, said it employed 1,000 employees in the country. 



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Leaders in Congress outperform rank-and-file lawmakers on stock trades by up to 47% a year

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Stocks held by members of Congress have been beating the S&P 500 lately, but there’s a subset of lawmakers who crush their peers: leadership.

According to a recent working paper for the National Bureau of Economic Research, congressional leaders outperform back benchers by up to 47% a year.

Shang-Jin Wei from Columbia University and Columbia Business School along with Yifan Zhou from Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University looked at lawmakers who ascended to leadership posts, such as Speaker of the House as well as House and Senate floor leaders, whips, and conference/caucus chairs.

Between 1995 and 2021, there were 20 such leaders who made stock trades before and after rising to their posts. Wei and Zhou observed that lawmakers underperformed benchmarks before becoming leaders, then everything suddenly changed.

“Importantly, whilst we observe a huge improvement in leaders’ trading performance as they ascend to leadership roles, the matched ‘regular’ members’ stock trading performance does not improve much,” they wrote.

Leadership’s stock market edge stems in part from their ability to set the regulatory or legislation agenda, such as deciding if and when a particular bill will be put to a vote. Setting the agenda also gives leaders advanced knowledge of when certain actions will take place.

In fact, Wei and Zhou found that leaders demonstrate much better returns on stock trades that are made when their party controls their chamber.

In addition, being a leader also increases access to non-public information. The researchers said that while companies are reluctant to share such insider knowledge, they may prioritize revealing it to leaders over rank-and-file lawmakers.

Leaders earn higher returns on companies that contribute to their campaigns or are headquartered in their states, which Wei and Zhou said could be attributable to “privileged access to firm-specific information.”

The upper echelon also influences how other members of Congress vote, and the paper found that a leader’s party is much more likely to vote for bills that help firms whose stocks the leader held, or vote against bills that harmed them. And stocks owned by leadership tend to see increases in federal contract awards, especially sole-source contracts, over the following one to two years.

“These results suggest that congressional leaders may not only trade on privileged knowledge, but also shape policy outcomes to enrich themselves,” Wei and Zhou wrote.

Stock trades by congressional leaders are even predictive, forecasting higher occurrences of positive or negative corporate news over the following year, they added. In particular, stock sales predict the number of hearings and regulatory actions over the coming year, though purchases don’t.

Investors have long suspected that Washington has a special advantage on Wall Street. That’s given rise to more ETFs with political themes, including funds that track portfolios belonging to Democrats and Republicans in Congress.

And Paul Pelosi, former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s husband, even has a cult following among some investors who mimic his stock moves.

Congress has tried to crack down on members’ stock holdings. The STOCK Act of 2012 requires more timely disclosures, but some lawmakers want to ban trading completely.

A bipartisan group of House members is pushing legislation that would prohibit members of Congress, their spouses, dependent children, and trustees from trading individual stocks, commodities, or futures.

And this past week, a discharge petition was put forth that would force a vote in the House if it gets enough signatures.

“If leadership wants to put forward a bill that would actually do that and end the corruption, we’re all for it,” said Rep. Anna Paulina Luna, R-Fla., on social media on Tuesday. “But we’re tired of the partisan games. This is the most bipartisan bipartisan thing in U.S. history, and it’s time that the House of Representatives listens to the American people.”



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Macron warns EU may hit China with tariffs over trade surplus

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French President Emmanuel Macron warned that the European Union may be forced to take “strong measures” against China, including potential tariffs, if Beijing fails to address its widening trade imbalance with the bloc.

“I’m trying to explain to the Chinese that their trade surplus isn’t sustainable because they’re killing their own clients, notably by importing hardly anything from us any more,” Macron told Les Echos newspaper in an interview published on Sunday.

“If they don’t react, in the coming months we Europeans will be obliged to take strong measures and decouple, like the US, like for example tariffs on Chinese products,” he said, adding that he had discussed the matter with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen.

Macron has just returned from a three-day state visit in China, where he pressed for more investment as Paris seeks to recalibrate its relationship with the world’s second-largest economy. France’s goods trade deficit with China reached around €47 billion ($54.7 billion) last year, according to the French Treasury. Meanwhile, China’s goods trade surplus with the EU swelled to almost $143 billion in the first half of 2025, a record for any six-month period, according to data released by China earlier this year.

Tensions between France and China escalated last year after Paris backed the EU’s decision to impose tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles. Beijing retaliated by imposing minimum price requirements on French cognac, sparking fears among pork and dairy producers that they could be targeted next.

‘Life or Death’

Macron said the US approach to China was “inappropriate” and had worsened Europe’s position by diverting Chinese goods toward the EU market.

“Today, we’re stuck between the two, and it’s a question of life or death for European industry,” Macron said, while noting that Germany — Europe’s biggest economy — doesn’t entirely share France’s stance.

In addition to Europe needing to become more competitive, the European Central Bank too has a role to play in strengthening the EU’s single market, Macron said, arguing that monetary policy should take growth and jobs into account, not just inflation, he said.

He also said the ECB’s decision to continue selling the government bonds it holds risks pushing up long-term interest rates and weighing on economic activity.

“Europe must — and wants to — remain a zone of monetary stability and credible investment,” Macron said.



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