“I think if the company was selling breakfast cereal, a lot of them would retire, but they’re making what they believe to be the single most important technology of all time,” Witt told Fortune in a recent interview, referring to Nvidia’s groundbreaking GPU chips that function as something like the oil wells of the AI boom.

“They’re engineers,” Witt said of Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang, his friends, his investors, and his employees, all of whom he talked to for his deeply reported book. He described their attitude as one of “I can’t leave now … I just can’t not be working with this technology. It’s like a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.” Acknowledging that Nvidia’s soaring valuation to a $4-trillion-plus market capitalization doesn’t hurt, Witt explained how “the rocket ship keeps going off,” both from a technological and financial standpoint. The thing is, he explained, “they’re a very generous employer, especially with employee stock purchasing programs.”

Field of GPU dreams

Nvidia’s journey was not an overnight success, according to Witt. The author described the company’s early development of GPUs for AI as a Field of Dreams scenario where it built technology “without any users, without any customers.” Seen through the lens of capitalism, developing a new technology, at least for “very long-dated technologies, the market will not work” without some kind of buffer to allow time for the tech to mature, Witt concluded: “Jensen was a singular individual, and his stock price went down, or was stagnant, for 10 years while he was developing these platforms, for people to compute. He was not rewarded for a long, long, long time for doing this.”

Nvidia’s financial performance and stock price have taken off since 2015, to Witt’s point, and began gathering steam in the 2004–07 period, when academic AI researchers discovered the benefit of Nvidia’s GPUs. And there was a long period where the stock was not generating great returns, but Nvidia’s chips were always popular with gamers, and so the market worked to at least that extent.

Witt noted that he found similar dynamics in previous reporting, having written a book about MP3 file-sharing tech in 2015 (How Music Got Free). “That was also true of those guys,” he said, who likewise faced many years of development before it paid off. “If we were working in a corporation, I don’t think anyone would have had the patience. We needed almost a third base between academia and finance to sort of make this work.” Witt cited other examples, such as neural nets and the state-sponsored TSMC, one of Nvidia’s closest rivals in the advanced semiconductor space.

Witt said his reporting revealed that many Nvidia workers were initially on the losing side of this dynamic, having bought into employee stock ownership programs and seen the stock fall 50% or 60% from there. “The employees would get upset. They’d be like, ‘Oh, my God … I invested, I maxed out my cap to, you know, an employee stock purchasing program, and … now it’s underwhelming, and I don’t know if I’ll ever make it back.” At that point, Huang instituted a program to allow workers to buy the stock at a discount to the current market price, but also at a discount to any price in the past two years. “And then the stock turned into a rocket ship,” said Witt. Soon enough, he found, “every employee started maxing out these contributions to the employee stock purchase program, and then the stock continued to go up another, like, hundred times on these very low-cost basis transactions.”

The bubble question

Now that the market has caught up, questions of a financial bubble loom. Witt, who has worked for a hedge fund and said he approaches journalism with a shareholder’s mindset, admits the possibility of a crash if cash flows don’t eventually align with infrastructure spending: “So, so much is predicated on getting the timing of cash flows correct. And it may be the case that we throw all this money into building data centers and buying Nvidia chips, and that doesn’t pay off at the exact right time, and then everything crashes for a little while. That may be happening right now.”

Yet Witt also drew a sharp distinction between financial bubbles and technological utility, saying that the now well-trod comparisons of AI to the internet and railroad booms may have some merit. But echoing similar remarks from leaders such as JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon, Witt said of AI: “This stuff is real.” Witt predicted that breakthroughs from Nvidia, TSMC, and others will lead fo a “spreading wave of robots and autonomy,” recalling Huang’s own prediction that in 10 years, anything that moves will be autonomous. “We’re moving into the world of AI,” Witt added, saying that in 10 years, “we will interact with AI as frequently as we interact with the internet or electricity. And there’s a big scramble on to be the company that gets it in front of me. I think that explains all the investment.”

The political dynamic

The big scramble for funding also has a political effect, of course. “Jensen was forced to become a political creature, especially this year,” Witt said, suggesting that “he kind of pivoted into being almost like Trump’s Thomas Cromwell,” likening him to the famous advisor to King Henry VIII, although Huang is a close external advisor and not in Trump’s cabinet, with someone like Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent or Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick a much closer analogue. (Witt said as an aside that he’s been reading Hilary Mantel’s modern classic Wolf Hall lately, and the subject was on his mind.) On Huang and Trump’s relationship, Witt added: “He became, like, a real advisor in the game … And he was really successful in that regard.”

Witt observed of the dynamic that “Trump likes to be close to Jensen because Jensen’s a winner. And Trump likes winners, and Jensen’s basically the biggest winner there is right now.” Huang also needs certain support from the federal government, Witt added, not just exemption from tariffs for Taiwan, but also in selling certain chips to China. “Maybe even most importantly, and maybe least discussed, he needs absolutely to secure an ongoing pipeline of H-1B visas for his best technical work,” Witt said, noting that one-third, if not more, of Nvidia’s employees are South Asians. “They’re extremely dedicated, they’re extremely bright, and it’s part of really what makes Nvidia work.”

Ultimately, Nvidia’s soaring valuation is underpinned by a new geopolitical narrative. Witt argues that the U.S. is engineering a merger between Silicon Valley and the Pentagon, fueled by fears of an “AI gap” with China. “Just as in the old days,” Witt said, “you would talk about the fear of a missile gap with the Soviet Union. Now, it’s an AI gap with China.” And on that count, Witt added, Trump likes winners, “and he’s got a winner in AI.”

Mike Repole, the billionaire entrepreneur who cofounded and sold beverage giants Glaceau and BodyArmor to Coca-Cola for a combined $9.7 billion, has an unexpected message for aspiring business owners: Don’t do it.

“Am I excited to be a public company CEO? 0%,” Altman said in an episode of the “Big Technology Podcast” published on Thursday. “Am I excited for OpenAI to be a public company? In some ways, I am, and in some ways I think it’d be really annoying.”

OpenAI is laying the groundwork for an IPO, with a Thursday report from The Wall Street Journal putting early talks of a valuation at $830 billion. In a more lofty estimate, the company could be valued at up to $1 trillion, Reuters reported in October, citing three sources. According to the Reuters report, chief financial officer Sarah Friar is eyeing a 2027 listing, with a potential IPO filing in late 2026.

Altman told “Big Technology” he didn’t know if his AI company would go public next year and was mum on details about fundraising, or the company’s valuation. OpenAI did not respond to Fortune’s request for comment.

Despite his hesitance to lead a public company—which are often under more scrutiny, greater regulatory oversight, and are associated with less influence from founders—OpenAI’s IPO wouldn’t be all bad, Altman noted. 

“I do think it’s cool that public markets get to participate in value creation,” he said. “And in some sense, we will be very late to go public if you look at any previous company. It’s wonderful to be a private company. We need lots of capital. We’re going to cross all of the shareholder limits and stuff at some point.”

An IPO would pave the way for OpenAI to raise the billions of dollars needed to compete in the AI race. Founded as a nonprofit in 2015, OpenAI just completed a complex restructuring in October that converted it into a more traditional for-profit company, giving the nonprofit controlling the company a $130 billion stake in it. The restructuring also gave Microsoft a reduced 27% stake in the company, as well as increased research access, while simultaneously freeing up OpenAI to make deals with other cloud-computing partners. 

More ‘code reds’ to come

OpenAI’s urgency to compete with rivals was apparent earlier this month when Altman declared a “code red” in an internal memo, following the surge of interest after Google rolled out its new Gemini 3 model in just one day, which the company said was the fastest deployment of a model into Google Search. Altman’s “code red” was an eight-week mandate to redouble OpenAI’s own efforts while temporarily postponing other initiatives, such as advertising and expanding e-commerce offerings.

The blitz appears to be paying off: Last week, OpenAI launched its new GPT-5.2 model, and earlier this week, it released a new image-generation model to compete with Google’s Nano Banana. Fidji Simo, OpenAI’s CEO of applications, said the update wasn’t in response to Google’s Gemini 3, but that the extra resources from the code red did help expedite its debut.

As OpenAI tries to address slowing user growth and retain and grow market share from its competitors, Altman conceded a code red will not be a one-off phenomenon. The all-out effort is a model that’s been employed by Google, and also Meta through Facebook’s more extreme “lockdown” periods. He downplayed the stakes of a code red, matching what sources told Fortune equated to a focused, but not panicked, office environment.

“I think that it’s good to be paranoid and act quickly when a potential competitive threat emerges,” Altman said. “This happened to us in the past. That happened earlier this year with DeepSeek. And there was a code red back then, too.”

Altman likened the urgency of a code red to the beginning of a pandemic, where action taken at the beginning, more so than actions taken later, have an outsized impact on an outcome. He expected code reds will be a norm as the company hopes to gain distance from the likes of Google and DeepSeek.

“My guess is we’ll be doing these once, maybe twice a year, for a long time, and that’s part of really just making sure that we win in our space,” Altman said. “A lot of other companies will do great too, and I’m happy for them.”