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AI helped save the chip industry. What happens if it turns out to be a bust?

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Nvidia is now the first company to surge past $4 trillion in market capitalization, rebounding from its DeepSeek-induced slump earlier this year. Other AI chipmakers, including AMD and China’s Huawei, are reporting strong financial results. Nearly every major chipmaker is now centering its strategy on AI.

But what if AI doesn’t work out?

This isn’t just a hypothetical question. Some signs suggest that AI growth is stalling, or at least slowing down. New models no longer show significant improvements from scaling up size or the amount of training data. Nobel laureate Demis Hassabis recently noted that “we are no longer getting the same progress” on AI development. Andreessen Horowitz, one of the most prominent investors in AI, similarly shared concerns that AI model capabilities appeared to be plateauing.

One reason for AI’s slowing performance might be that models have already consumed most available digital data, leaving little left over for further improvement. Developers are instead turning to synthetic data, but it might be less effective—and might even make models worse.

AI development is also enormously capital intensive. Training the most advanced models requires compute clusters costing billions of dollars. Even a single training run can cost tens of millions of dollars. Yet while development costs keep going up, monetary rewards are limited. Aside from AI coding assistants, there are few examples of AI generating returns that justify these immense capital investments.

Some companies are already scaling back their AI infrastructure investment due to cost. Microsoft, for example, is “slowing or pausing some early-stage projects” and has canceled equipment orders for several global data center projects. Meta, AWS and Google have all reportedly cut their GPU orders. Chip bottlenecks, power shortages, and public concerns are also barriers to mass AI adoption.

If the AI boom peters out, that’s bad news for the chip industry, which has used this new technology to avoid a serious slump.

Chips are getting more expensive to make. Developing new manufacturing processes cost billions of dollars; building new plants can cost tens of billions of dollars. These costs are all passed onto consumers but, outside of AI, customers aren’t keen on buying more expensive chips. The fancy technologies in today’s AI processors aren’t that useful for other purposes.

AI delayed an industry reckoning: Manufacturing is getting more expensive, while performance gains are shrinking. The economic promise of AI justifies high chip prices, but if that goes away, the chip industry needs to find something else to persuade people to sustain investment in advanced chip manufacturing. Otherwise, advanced chipmaking will become unsustainable: New technologies will cost more and more, while delivering less and less.

A chip industry slump will upend several geopolitical and economic objectives. Governments have poured billions of dollars into building domestic chip industries. U.S. President Donald Trump routinely threatens to use tariffs to bring semiconductor manufacturing back home.

The U.S.’s supposed lead on chip development may prove to be a mirage, particularly as China dominates legacy chip production. And an AI reversal would shake up the world’s tech sector, forcing Big Tech to rethink its bets.

Given these stakes, policymakers need to encourage further innovation in AI by facilitating easier access to data, chips, power, and cooling. This includes pragmatic policies on copyright and data protection, a balanced approach to onshore and offshore chip manufacturing, and removing regulatory barriers to energy use and generation. Governments shouldn’t necessarily apply the precautionary principle to AI; the benefits are too great to handicap its development, at least at these early stages. Nor should large-scale AI applications, such as autonomous vehicles or home robotics, face unreasonably high requirements for implementation.

Investors should also explore alternate AI approaches that don’t require as much data and infrastructure, potentially unlocking new AI growth. The industry must also explore non-AI applications for chips, if only to manage their risk.

To ensure the chip industry can survive a slowdown, it must reduce the cost of advanced chipmaking. Companies should work together on research and development, as well as working with universities, to lower development costs. More investment is needed in chiplets, advanced packaging, and reconfigurable hardware. The industry must support interoperable standards, open-source tools, and agile hardware development. Shared, subsidized infrastructure for design and fabrication can help smaller companies finalize ideas before manufacturing. But, importantly, the drive to onshore manufacturing may be counterproductive: Doing so carelessly will significantly increase chip costs.  

The future of chips and AI are now deeply intertwined. If chips are to thrive, AI must grow. If not, the entire chip sector may now be in jeopardy.  

The opinions expressed in Fortune.com commentary pieces are solely the views of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and beliefs of Fortune.



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Actress Natasha Lyonne is helping to shape the future of AI

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The actress, director, and wild-style futurist Natasha Lyonne is fascinated by technology. She speaks of the beauty and power of interstellar travel and muses about living long enough to walk a Hollywood red carpet as a reanimated cyborg.

But she also has a grave concern, she explained to Fortune’s Brainstorm AI audience on Monday in San Francisco: With all this boundless possibility, why is AI focused on replacing screenwriters instead of, say, figuring out a solution to fixing plastic bottles polluting the oceans? “I don’t think that’s an accident,”  said Lyonne, 46. “It’s about cutting costs.”

What the co-founder of the media production company Animal Pictures would like to see is people paid for their expertise, work, and creative ideas, and the democratization of filmmaking so more people can engage in a business that has traditionally had sky-high barriers to entry.

Her rallying cry to C-suites and AI leaders—delivered in her signature wry, New York City accent—is to think really hard about what it means to be human in this age where AI is all the rage, and act accordingly. “We are the ones who are deciding what this use is going to be and how we choose to use it,” Lyonne said. “I really want this to mean a seat at the table for more people to do even more extraordinary things.”

Lyonne, who was named one of TIME’s 100 Most Influential People in AI 2025, joked that she anointed herself CEO of Animal Pictures and updated her LinkedIn with the title because it “seemed like a vibe.” So Lyonne now technically shares the title with others in the C-suite, and she observes a widening divide between senior executives of the world who are deciding how AI will be implemented in companies, and the employees who could see their jobs and opportunities dry up. Even though this moment in AI development includes outside factors like competition with China and meeting Wall Street’s expectations, she argues that the industry must remember that there are serious decisions to be made that history will remember. 

Lyonne, who has been in the film business since she was a child actor, pointed out that it takes enormous human legwork—from casts, crews, and everyone from drivers to the creatives who bring ideas onto screens—to keep film and television plodding forward. AI companies that scrape content without permission or payment are neglecting that entire ecosystem, she said. “So I don’t think it’s super-Kosher copacetic to just kind of rob freely under the auspices of acceleration or China, right?”

The Russian Doll and Poker Face star is also a co-founder of Asteria Film Co., a generative AI film and animation studio. Asteria describes itself as being powered by the “first clean AI model”—the “clean” referring to AI that has been trained on models with creative work that is licensed or cleared, rather than content used without payment or permission.  She is also directing an upcoming film called Uncanny Valley using an AI video model called Marey that was created based on copy-right cleared, licensed data. The film reportedly doesn’t include AI actors, but it will blend generative AI filmmaking techniques with traditional human-led filmmaking.

As a child, she said, she studied Talmudic texts and interpretations in Aramaic—the ancient language used in Talmudic writings. The complexity in exploring layers of meaning and iterations of theory now informs her approach to AI in filmmaking., she said.

Lyonne said she dropped out of New York University to pursue a self-taught education in film at the indie movie theater The Film Forum. When asked what advice she’d give her younger teenage self, Lyonne suggested mastery of the kind that takes 10,000 hours of work to develop. “Really, really learn these tools,” she said. “It’s really about technique, and that takes a long time… that’s how you learn how to write and all that.”

The beauty of mastering a skill and knowing how to think and create is that then you can break those rules, said Lyonne. “I’m not so much interested in raging against the machine,” she said. “I’m interested in building new houses, new seats at the table.”



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AI is taking over managers’ busywork—and it’s forcing companies to reset expectations

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AI isn’t just a new tool for the modern workplace; it’s already quietly reshaping how some companies are organized. Companies including Amazon, Moderna, and McKinsey are already eliminating management layers, working to flatten organizations, and deploying AI agents to automate routine work. 

As AI rewrites the corporate org chart, humans can avoid some managerial drudgery, according to industry leaders at Fortune’s Brainstorm AI conference. Managers currently spend a lot of time bogged down with digital tools and administrative tasks, Danielle Perszyk, a Cognitive Scientist at Amazon’s AGI SF Lab, said: “Whether you are a manager or an IC, you are tethered to your computer screen, and all of the productivity apps that we are using are actually undermining our productivity.”

AI agents functioning as “universal teammates” and doing some of these tasks could help managers escape this cycle, Perszyk said, allowing them to focus on strategy. Aashna Kircher, Group General Manager in the Office of the CHRO at Workday, said this could free up managers’ time for other kinds of work. “The role of the manager will very much be as a coach and enabler and a team work director, which theoretically has always been the role,” she said.

Toby Roberts, SVP of Engineering and Technology at Zillow, said that the shift toward AI agents could fundamentally change management structure. Escaping day-to-day minutiae could allow managers to oversee larger teams, he said.

However, as AI automates more of managers’ work, companies may need to reset expectations around what management means in the AI age.

“Historically, we’ve measured management by the output of their teams, not necessarily by the human qualities of being a manager,” Kircher said. Organizations need to build “accountability and incentive structures around rewarding the things that are going to be absolutely critical moving forward for people leaders.”

What AI can’t do

AI can also have negative downstream effects on interpersonal relationships if it is overused or misused. When managers over-rely on AI for collaborative work, organizations risk deteriorating people’s ability to work together effectively, said to Kate Niederhoffer, Chief Scientist and Head of BetterUp Labs.

“Direct reports’ perceptions of managers go down the more they perceive AI and agents to be used in moments of recognition or providing constructive feedback,” Niederhoffer said. “People perceive that humans are better at these empathetic and more essentially human tasks.”

Some managers already struggle with the emotional side of leadership, with many becoming “accidental managers”—employees who were promoted for their professional talents rather than people skills. 

But AI’s “synthetic empathy”—even if it’s sometimes more consistent than human interactions—is not the answer, said Stefano Corazza, Head of AI Research at Canva. “The more AI there is, the more authenticity is valued,” he said. “If your manager really shows that he will spend time with you and cares, that goes a long way.”



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Jeff Williams, who just retired from Apple after 27 years, got called to join Disney’s board

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The Walt Disney Company is looking to expand its board of directors, and it’s nominated Jeff Williams, the former Apple COO once considered heir apparent to CEO Tim Cook, to join. Williams, who served as Apple’s chief operating officer from 2015 until stepping down in July and finally retiring on Nov. 15, will stand for election as an independent director at Disney’s 2026 annual shareholders meeting.

“Jeff Williams is a highly accomplished executive who for decades helped steward one of the most innovative and admired companies that serves billions of consumers across the globe,” James Gorman, chairman of the board at Disney, said in a press release. “Jeff’s proven leadership and unique experience at the intersection of technology, global operations and product design make him a valuable nominee to our board as the company continues to focus on creative storytelling and groundbreaking innovation.”

​Adding Williams, an Apple veteran of 27 years, would expand Disney’s board from 10 to 11 members. The current board includes James Gorman as chairman, along with GM CEO Mary Barra; former Cisco executive Amy Chang; former Sky CEO Jeremy Darroch; Permira senior advisor Carolyn Everson; Michael Froman, president of the Council on Foreign Relations; Disney CEO Bob Iger; WE Family offices CEO and managing partner Maria Elena Lagomasino, Lululemon CEO Calvin McDonald, and former CVS president Derica Rice.

The nomination comes at a critical time for Disney. The company is investing heavily in AI, mixed-reality experiences, and streaming technology as it works to modernize its business model. Disney has established an Office of Technology Enablement to pioneer AI-driven personalization across its platforms, while Iger has described plans to transform Disney+ into “a portal to all things Disney” using AI.

Williams brings a track record that aligns closely with these priorities. During his nearly three decades at Apple, he was responsible for launching the Apple Watch and architecting the company’s health and fitness strategy. He also oversaw Apple’s design team after its longtime chief Jony Ive retired in 2019, while also managing the company’s global supply chain, service, and support functions.

“I have long admired Disney’s legacy of pairing imagination with innovation—leveraging new technologies in bold, creative ways to bring to life timeless stories and entertain its guests,” Williams said in a statement. “It is an honor to be nominated to the board of this storied company. I look forward to working with Disney’s talented leadership team and contributing to the company’s ongoing journey of creativity and excellence.”

Williams joined Apple in 1998 as head of worldwide procurement and played a key role in rescuing the very first iPhone launch in 2007 from becoming a total disaster. He was promoted to vice president of operations in 2004 and became COO in 2015. Two years prior to that, in 2013, he began leading the Apple Watch project, which launched in 2015, and subsequently spearheaded the company’s expansion into health and fitness.

His retirement from Apple was announced in July, with Williams saying he wanted to “spend more time with friends and family, including five grandchildren and counting.” He officially left the company last month after a transition period during which he continued overseeing Apple’s design team directly under Cook. Sabih Khan, who had been serving as senior vice president of operations, succeeded Williams as COO.

Disney shareholders will vote on Williams’ election, along with the re-election of the company’s current 10 directors, at the 2026 annual meeting, which will likely be in March or April. The board is also leading the succession process for Iger. Last October, Gorman said the company expects to name his successor in early 2026; his current contract runs through December 2026. ​



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