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Adobe’s CTO is getting more creative on the software maker’s approach to generating ‘safe’ AI tools

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The proliferation of artificial intelligence image and video generators has made it easy for online users to create billions of memes ranging from baby versions of The Real Housewives of Atlanta to humorous takes on the Coldplay kiss cam viral moment just a few days ago.

But these tools have raised serious legal questions about the copyright protection for the assets that these AI models are trained on.

That has resulted in numerous lawsuits being filed by individual artists, Hollywood studios, and media companies, who all assert that some of the most popular AI systems are trained on unauthorized images and videos. Ongoing litigation includes Disney and Universal suing image generation tool Midjourney, the New York Times squaring up against ChatGPT owner OpenAI and Microsoft, and the Wall Street Journal and New York Post versus AI startup Perplexity.

Ely Greenfield, chief technology officer at software maker Adobe’s digital media business, has spent over two years pitching a different path. Ever since the debut of a text-to-image model known as Firefly in March 2023, Adobe has touted the company’s own creative generative AI models that are only trained on content that it has rights to use, including Adobe Stock photos and licensed artistic content.

Firefly’s models have been integrated in Adobe’s suite of apps including Photoshop and Illustrator, and thus far, businesses and individual creators have generated over 26 billion assets. Big names including toy maker Mattel and cosmetics manufacturer Estée Lauder have signed on to Firefly for creative ideation, editing, and asset generation purposes.

“Every piece of content that we train on is something that we have acquired the license of, or that is published under a verifiable and known license,” says Greenfield.

This approach does come with some limitations. If Firefly were asked to generate an image of a Disney cartoon character, like say Mickey Mouse, “it would do a horrible job of it,” concedes Greenfield. “And that’s by design and on purpose.”

Greenfield says that AI tools based on every image found on the internet produce less desired outputs, not just for potentially infringing on IP, but because it is representative of a vast trove of data that doesn’t always have the best quality. “There’s the raw science of how you build the model, but a massive amount of work goes into data curation and preparation,” says Greenfield. “The average piece of content on the internet isn’t necessarily what you want to put in your ad.” 

Adobe’s buttoned-up AI approach means the company’s off-the-shelf Firefly offering would have little use to a consumer-facing company like Coca-Cola. But under an enterprise licensing agreement, Adobe says it can train a private version of Firefly that’s exclusively trained on the beverage company’s branding and style.

Since Firefly’s launch, Adobe has had to make some modifications to the images in the company’s asset bank. Early on, generative AI wasn’t great at producing clear images of hands, so Adobe had to reach out to the photographers it works with to get more licensed pictures of hands to train the AI properly.

All Firefly content also goes through a moderation process that includes a mix of human and computer oversight, eliminating harmful images, but also those that may contain sensitive IP. A photographer may have exclusive license to an image that they produced, but if there’s a trademark asset like a Nike Swoosh or Starbucks Siren logo, Adobe will nix the image.

Adobe has lauded the proliferation of Firefly, reporting in the most recent second fiscal quarter ending May 30 that traffic to the Firefly App grew 30% from the prior quarter, with paid subscriptions nearly doubling over the same period.

More recently, Adobe has integrated image and video models from OpenAI, Google, Pika Luma AI, and Runway into the company’s Firefly app. 

This runs parallel with the public’s shifting views on the ethical uses of AI, as well as some recent court decisions that AI hyperscalers have won. Anthropic, in one example, saw a ruling go its way last month that said the company could train models using published books without consent from the authors. To be sure, it will be years before the courts resolve these thorny legal matters, and the right use of images, text, and audio assets will almost certainly vary across the globe.

For Adobe, Greenfield says pulling in these partnership models reflected an evolution to how creative professionals are working with AI today. He says that customers want access to a wide variety of AI models, especially as these technologies quickly advance. This is similar to the multi-modal approach most CTOs and chief information officers have embraced when deploying AI coding tools for software developers or the application of other uses of AI in marketing, legal, and communications to improve worker productivity. 

Adobe has added content credentials to make it clear to marketers when the assets they are creating are safe to use for commercial production (with Firefly) versus for ideation purposes (the external partner models). Customers have the final say on what path works best for them.

“We have a lot of customers who have different opinions on when to use different types of models and how they feel about commercial safety,” says Greenfield. “A lot of them feel that in ideation, they’re open to using anything.”

John Kell

Send thoughts or suggestions to CIO Intelligence here.

Fortune recently unveiled a new ongoing series, Fortune AIQ, dedicated to navigating AI’s real-world impact. Our third collection of stories explores how businesses across virtually every industry are putting AI to work—and how their particular field is changing as a result.

  • How Walmart, Amazon, and other retail giants are using AI to reinvent the supply chain—from warehouse to checkout. Read more
  • Meet the legacy players and upstarts using AI to reinvent the energy business. Read more
  • AI isn’t just entering law offices—it’s challenging the entire legal playbook. Read more
  • How a bulldozer, crane, and excavator rental company is using AI to save 3,000 hours per week. Read more
  • AI is already touching nearly every corner of the medical field. Read more

NEWS PACKETS

More than 25 companies changed their IT leaders in the last three months. CIO Dive reports on the annual trend of technology leaders being reshuffled at large employers including Home Depot, McDonald’s, Best Buy, and Unum Group, a trend that the trade outlet attributes, in part, to the rapid pace of change in technology innovation. AI tends to come up frequently in these corporate announcements touting a new IT executive hire. Two Fortune 500 companies that announced new IT leaders over the past week, Southern Company and State Street, each highlighted oversight of AI as a key responsibility for these new executives.

ChatGPT’s growth continues to soar. The popular AI chatbot developed by AI hyperscaler OpenAI disclosed it has received 2.5 billion daily prompts from users, including about 330 million from users in the U.S., and up sharply from when CEO Sam Altman disclosed that users sent over 1 billion daily queries in December. News outlets pitted the usage figures against those from Google’s parent company Alphabet, which says the search engine receives 5 trillion queries annually, averaging just under 14 billion daily. That scorching hot growth comes as ChatGPT has faced some troubling headlines over the past week, including reports of outages that affected paying users this week and a report from The Wall Street Journal that linked conversations with ChatGPT to the manic episode of a user that’s on the autism spectrum. Separately, WSJ also reported on the scaled back plans for the $500 billion Stargate joint venture by OpenAI and SoftBank. 

Microsoft warns of vulnerability affecting SharePoint. Microsoft quickly moved to issue an emergency fix to close off a vulnerability affecting the company’s SharePoint product, while also warning businesses and governments of active attacks on the popular collaboration software platform. “Anybody who’s got a hosted SharePoint server has got a problem,” said Adam Meyers, senior vice president with CrowdStrike, a cybersecurity firm, in an interview with the Associated Press. “It’s a significant vulnerability.” Over the weekend, Microsoft reported that the attacks (some say they came from China) had applied only to on-premises SharePoint services, not those in the cloud like Microsoft 365. The vulnerability was concerning because it can allow hackers to impersonate users or services even after the SharePoint server is patched, CNBC reported, citing the insights from cybersecurity firm Eye Security, which said it first identified the flaw.

Meta declines to sign EU’s AI Code of Practice. Facebook’s parent company Meta says it won’t sign the code of practice for Europe’s new laws governing AI, claiming the guidelines “introduces a number of legal uncertainties for model developers, as well as measures which go far beyond the scope of the AI Act.” Bloomberg reports that the European Union published the code of practice earlier this month, a voluntary framework that is intended to help corporations put processes in place to adhere to the AI Act, which was signed into law last August with provisions that were to go into effect over the course of three years. AI providers like Meta who don’t sign the code “will have to demonstrate other means of compliance,” according to the commission’s spokesperson, and as a consequence they “may be exposed to more regulatory scrutiny.” Separately, a group of European companies—including Airbus and Mistral AI—have asked the EU to suspend the AI Act’s implementation for two years as they clamor for a regulatory posture that would be more hands off and friendly to innovation.

ADOPTION CURVE

The majority of business leaders anticipate building quantum into their workflows. A survey of 400 business leaders found that eight out of ten organizations believe they have reached the limit of benefits that can be achieved to optimize logistics, scheduling, and design running on classic computers, and with that in mind, 53% are planning to build quantum computing into their workflows and 27% are considering to do so. 

The study also found that 46% of the surveyed leaders project that within two years, they’ll see a return on investments between $1 million to $5 million from quantum optimization, with 27% predicting a return of more than $5 million in the first 12 months. The findings by Wakefield Research, backed by quantum computing company D-Wave Quantum, comes as pioneering work on quantum computers is still in the research and development phase, but has also seen a wave of technological advancements from the likes of IBM, Google, Amazon, and Microsoft.

Courtesy of D-Wave Quantum

JOBS RADAR

Hiring:

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is seeking a CIO, based in Boston. Posted salary range: $145K-$165K/year.

M&T Bank is seeking a CIO for the consumer and business banking unit, based in Buffalo, New York. Posted salary range: $157.5K-$292.5K/year.

Chanel is seeking a head of technology, based in New York City. Posted salary range: $248.6K-$300K/year.

Ruiz Foods is seeking an IT director of development, operations and security, based in Frisco, Texas. Posted salary range: $160K-$200K/year.

Hired:

Southern Company (No. 161 on the Fortune 500) appointed Hans Brown as EVP and chief information technology officer, effective July 31, to oversee the gas and electric utility company’s technology strategy and digital transformation efforts. Previously, Brown held several leadership roles at financial services provider BNY, including as a CIO of the corporate trust and depositary receipts business.

State Street (No. 198 on the Fortune 500) has selected Andrew Zitney to serve as CIO, moving the executive from the CTO role, a role he has held at the financial services company since 2020. Prior to joining State Street, Zitney served as a CTO of enterprise platforms, strategy, and architecture at pharmaceuticals distributor McKesson and held technology leadership roles at Allstate, PayPal, and JPMorganChase.

Kohl’s (No. 261 on the Fortune 500) announced Arianne Parisi to serve as the department store retailer’s chief digital officer. In this role, Parisi will steer the company’s omnichannel experience, including Kohls.com and the Kohl’s app. Most recently, Parisi served as CDO at retailer JD Sports Fashion and also held leadership roles at retailers The Finish Line and Nordstrom.

Every Friday morning, the weekly Fortune 500 Power Moves column tracks Fortune 500 companies C-suite shiftssee the most recent edition.

GreyOrange named Saurabh Gupta as CTO, where he will steer the warehouse robotics company’s global product and engineering teams. Previously, Gupta held executive roles at Apple, where he led software development for multiple generations of iPods and the first iPhone, and worked in the consumer robotics research group at Amazon. He also served as CTO of robotics company Wonder Workshop.

Check Point Software Technologies appointed Jonathan Zanger as CTO, joining the cybersecurity provider after serving as CTO at software provider Trigo, where he led the development of advanced AI and computer vision for retailers.

Hamilton Insurance Group announced the appointment of Raymond Karrenbauer as CIO, effective September 15. Karrenbauer joins Hamilton from the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification Accreditation Body, which supports the Defense Department’s contractor cybersecurity compliance program. He had served as CFO at that organization since 2021.

HireRight named Lars Ewe as CTO, effective immediately, where he will oversee the global technology teams for the background screening company. Prior to joining HireRight, Ewe served as the CTO at agriculture data and insights provider DTN. He has also previously held leadership positions at Anaconda, Evariant, and Click Security.

Aledade appointed Lalith Vadlamannati as CTO, joining the healthcare company after most recently serving as CTO for the digital physical therapy company Hinge Health. Prior to that, he was a VP of engineering at Amazon.





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WPP’s CTO says AI is reshaping advertising. But creative judgment needs to remain in human hands

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In the world of marketing, artificial intelligence tends to get the most attention when it is featured prominently in splashy creative advertising campaigns from big brands like Coca-Cola and Nike.

But at WPP—whose client roster includes Google, L’Oréal, LVMH, and Mastercard—Chief Technology Officer Stephan Pretorius says the advertising giant’s big “mic drop” moment has been the soaring adoption of WPP Open, an AI-enabled operating system that’s used by marketers to plan, create, and run campaigns. More than 85,000 of the agency’s 108,000 employees are using WPP Open on a monthly basis today, up sharply from 30,000 in February 2024.

“Getting that balance right and making sure that humans are in control of the output and that they evaluate and apply taste and judgment, but also that the thought process is expanded and augmented—so you don’t become like a passive passenger in the process—is really critical,” says Pretorius. 

Pretorius says WPP has embraced three levels of AI training to get the workforce ready for these AI tools. At the entry level, WPP runs a creative technology apprenticeship program, which it recently expanded under the company’s five-year, $400 million partnership with Google. The program aims to train 1,000 creative technology apprentices over the next three years, helping college graduates learn about AI and other technologies before they join one of WPP’s agencies. 

WPP also offers AI learning programs for more senior staff, including courses that teach the basics of generative AI and the appropriate use of AI in media planning and creative ideation. At the senior level, executives are expected to take “AI and business diploma” courses.

“You’ve got to do it continuously and you have to do it very purposely,” says Pretorius of the AI upskilling programs that he says need to be conducted on an ongoing basis. “I think it’s a tall order to expect people to know how to work with AI. Everyone’s still figuring it out.”

Ad agencies like WPP have increasingly embraced generative AI capabilities to support creative ideation, research, and to develop of content for their clients, with the hopes that the technology will both speed up production and ultimately lower costs. Three out of four ad industry executives say that their companies are using these tools in 2025, up from from 61% the prior year, according to a survey conducted by research firm Forrester.

But, like most other industries, these AI investments are for now a net cost for agencies. The cost of business—which Forrester defines as generative AI capabilities funded by a creative agency without passing those costs on to clients—grew 83% in 2025. Only 7% were able to sell generative AI capabilities as a separate service outside what these agencies have traditionally offered.

WPP has been making the pitch that its AI tools can generate meaningful savings. WPP Open, which uses technology from multiple providers including OpenAI’s GPT and DALL-E, Google’s Gemini family, and Anthropic’s Claude, gives teams of four 14 hours “back,” meaning time saved on the work being done by creatives. That would translate to roughly 90 days of saved “capacity” every year. WPP is also hoping to make WPP Open more alluring to external customers through the October launch of WPP Open Pro, a version of the platform that allows brands to plan, create, and publish their own creative campaigns independently. 

The company’s workforce has also created more than 75,000 AI agents by the end of 2025. Pretorius says he’s encouraged experimentation on that front, rather than a top-down mandate dictating which agents should be used across the various business units. That’s allowed teams to build AI agents that even Pretorius says he couldn’t have predicted.

“I think one does have to take a kind of expansive view of this,” says Pretorius. “Empower as many people in the business with general-purpose tools that you teach them how to use. And then, let the collective intelligence flourish.”

The pressure to get AI right comes as major agencies have been shedding jobs. Omnicom cut 4,000 jobs in December, while WPP’s Ogilvy shed 5% of its workforce in June. When WPP reported third-quarter revenue softness and revised its full-year organic growth target to a more bearish outlook, forecasting a decline of 5.5% to 6%, CEO Cindy Rose, called the performance “unacceptable.” The agency has said it would implement a restructuring to make the WPP more streamlined. Investments in technology are expected to be central to help return the business to growth.

Pretorius is an optimist when it comes to the changes AI will bring to advertising. These tools can help marketers generate more content, with greater personalization for different consumer groups, and do so at the same level of investment that was made without AI, he claims. 

“If you shy away from it, pretend it’s not existing, and pretend you can work the way you used to work…you will lose the business,” says Pretorius. “And other people will eat your lunch.”

John Kell

Send thoughts or suggestions to CIO Intelligence here.

NEWS PACKETS

AI takes center stage at the World Economic Forum. Top executives from the largest AI companies were in Davos this week, opining on how the technology should evolve and what that will mean for economic growth. Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella shared his belief that energy will be critical to determining which countries succeed in the AI race, while Meta’s new president and chairman, Dina Powell McCormick, urged the industry to align on “core values” that would make the technology both safe and productive. Mohamed Kandi, global chairman of consulting giant PwC, told Fortune that the CEO job has changed more in the last year than anything he’s witnessed for the past quarter-century. These leaders are still  facing big challenges wrapping their heads around AI, with most—56% of the 4,454 CEOs surveyed by PwC—saying they are getting “nothing out of it.”

OpenAI’s 2026 priority: “practical adoption.” OpenAI Chief Financial Officer Sarah Friar shared that the AI startup’s annualized revenue exceeded $20 billion in 2025, more than triple the prior year’s level, and said computing capacity also soared as weekly and daily active users reached all-time highs. Friar also said that the company’s priority will be to close the gap “between what AI now makes possible and how people, companies, and countries are using it day to day.” She didn’t expand much on what that would mean practically, but there are some recent reports that point to OpenAI’s direction, at least in terms of how it hopes to generate more money to help it turn a profit. OpenAI is aiming to debut its first hardware device later in 2026, has struck a deal with ServiceNow to integrate OpenAI’s AI models into the latter company’s business software, and is testing how ads can show up within ChatGPT. 

Geopolitics intertwine with chipmaking between the U.S. and Asia. Last week, Taiwan agreed to invest at least $250 billion in production capacity in the U.S. and a government guarantee of $250 billion in credit for the companies that make those investments, according to a new trade deal struck between the nations. In exchange, the U.S. has agreed to limit its “reciprocal” tariffs on Taiwan to 15%, down from 20%. The announcement reflects the Trump administration’s efforts to bring chipmaking back on U.S. soil. Meanwhile, in China, the U.S. imposed a 25% tariff on imports of some advanced semiconductors, including the H200 AI processors made by Nvidia, before they are shipped to China. 

Anthropic poised to raise another $25 billion or more. AI startup Anthropic is reportedly in talks with investors for fresh funding that would value the company at $350 billion, more than double its valuation from just four months ago, the Financial Times reports, saying the venture capital firm Sequoia Capital may invest in the company for the first time. This news comes days after Anthropic launched Claude Cowork, which is an AI agent that can manipulate, read, and analyze files on a user’s computer, and also create new files.

ADOPTION CURVE

CEOs are again steering AI implementation. In the immediate wake of the debut of ChatGPT in late 2022, the pressure to set a clear strategy on AI sat on the desk of the CEO. But soon after, it became clear that the top technologists—CTOs, chief information officers, chief digital officers, etc.—were empowered to drive AI adoption for employees across enterprises. They’ve been busy organizing their data to take full advantage of large language models, setting up security protocols, training employees, building partnerships with AI hyperscalers, and launching new AI tools.

But beyond the lower-stakes productivity tools, humans keep getting in the way of further progress, and that may explain why the AI playbook is back with the CEO. Seventy-two percent of CEOs say they are now the main decision-maker on AI, twice the share from a year ago, according to a survey of 2,360 executives conducted by consulting firm BCG.

“I think CEOs are realizing they need to step in and help drive the organization change,” says Vlad Lukic, the global leader of BCG’s tech and digital advantage practice, in an interview with Fortune.

They’re also feeling the pressure: half of them believe they have to get their AI strategy right if they want to keep their jobs, the survey showed. But CEOs are also more optimistic about AI’s potential for a return on investment in 2026 than last year (82% agree with this sentiment). They are also spending more. Corporate AI efforts will account for about 1.7% of revenue in 2026, more than twice the increase last year. All 10 industries BCG tracked are projected to spend more on AI this year.

 

Courtesy of BCG

JOBS RADAR

Hiring:

Xponential Fitness is seeking a CIO, based in Irvine, California. Posted salary range: $350K-$450K/year.

MIT Lincoln Laboratory is seeking a CIO, based in Lexington, Massachusetts. Posted salary range: $360K-$410K/year.

Hunterdon Health is seeking a CIO, based in Flemington, New Jersey. Posted salary range: $360K-$410K/year.

Scholar Rock is seeking a CIO/VP of IT, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Posted salary range: $300K-$400K/year.

Hired:

Coca-Cola has appointed Sedef Salingan Sahin to serve in the newly created role of chief digital officer. Sahin joined the beverage giant in 2003 and most recently held the role of president of the Eurasia and Middle East operating unit. Sahin will oversee the digital strategy efforts that were previously overseen by President and Chief Financial Officer John Murphy.

Adobe has appointed Lucius DiPhillips as CIO, joining the design software company after most recently serving as CIO at Airbnb. Prior to his eight-year career at the home-rental platform, DiPhillips held senior leadership roles at eBay, PayPal, Bank of America, and GE.

Skillsoft announced the appointment of Bernard Barbour as chief technology and product officer, joining the educational technology firm after most recently serving as CTO at agricultural technology company Indigo Agriculture. Before Indigo, he spent more than a decade at customized goods producer Cimpress, where he led a global platform team of more than 700.

ACI Worldwide has appointed JP Krishnamoorthy as chief innovation and technology officer, joining the payments software company after most recently serving as EVP of engineering, AI, cloud operations, and cybersecurity at software firm Coupa Software. He also previously held technology leadership roles at Oracle.

DigitalOcean announced Vinay Kumar as chief product and technology officer, joining the cloud infrastructure provider from Oracle, where he most recently served as SVP of cloud engineering. Kumar spent 11 years at Oracle and also previously served as a manager at Amazon Web Services.

IonQ announced the appointment of Katie Arrington as CIO and has expanded the scope of work for Leslie Kershaw, who will now serve as chief information security officer and report to Arrington. Prior to joining the quantum computing company, Arrington served as CIO for the War Department. She is also a former member of the South Carolina House of Representatives.

Komodo Health has appointed Amit Sangani as CTO to lead the medical data analytics company’s technology, engineering, and AI platform strategy. Sangani joins Komodo after 11 years at Meta, where he most recently worked with the tech giant’s Superintelligence Labs on large-scale AI systems. Prior to Meta, Sangani co-founded and served as CTO of messaging software provider MightyText.

Yesway named Robert Hampton as CTO, where he will lead the IT strategy and all aspects of enterprise technology for the Texas-based convenience store operator. Hampton joins Yesway from convenience and fuel retailer Jacksons Companies, where he served as CIO. He also held previously held technology leadership roles at infrastructure firm AECOM.

RLDatix appointed Richard Jarvis as CTO, where he will oversee platform architecture, engineering, cloud, cybersecurity, and data for the healthcare software provider. He previously served as CTO for electronic patient record systems for EMIS Health. He also held senior leadership roles at HP Enterprise , BAE Systems, and Detica.



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Nathan’s Famous goes from 5-cent hot dog stand in Coney Island to $450 million acquisition by Smithfield Foods over 100 years later

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Nathan’s Famous, which opened as a 5-cent hot dog stand in Coney Island more than a century ago, has been sold to packaged meat giant Smithfield Foods in a $450 million all-cash deal, the companies announced Wednesday.

Smithfield, which has held rights to produce and sell Nathan’s products in the U.S., Canada and at Sam’s Clubs in Mexico since 2014, will acquire all of Nathan’s outstanding shares for $102 each. The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2026.

Smithfield said it expects to achieve annual savings of about $9 million within two years of closing the deal.

“As a long-time partner, Smithfield has demonstrated an outstanding commitment to investing in and growing our brand while maintaining the utmost quality and customer service standards,” said Nathan’s CEO Eric Gatoff.

Nathan’s board of directors, which own or control nearly 30% of the outstanding shares of Nathan’s Famous common stock, approved the buyout and agreed to recommend to its shareholders to vote in favor of the deal.

Smithfield, which also owns the Gwaltney bacon and Armour frozen meat brands, rang up more than $1 billion in operating profit in 2024 on sales of $14.1 billion. It’s on track to eclipse both those figures when it reports its fourth-quarter results.

Smithfield shares were unchanged in midday trading Wednesday at $23.39.

In fiscal 2025, Nathan’s reported profit of $24 million on revenue approaching $150 million.

Join us at the Fortune Workplace Innovation Summit May 19–20, 2026, in Atlanta. The next era of workplace innovation is here—and the old playbook is being rewritten. At this exclusive, high-energy event, the world’s most innovative leaders will convene to explore how AI, humanity, and strategy converge to redefine, again, the future of work. Register now.



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Trump tones down escalating Greenland rhetoric in Davos

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President Donald Trump, in his own inimitable way, struck a bellicose and yet conciliatory tone with European leaders in Davos, Switzerland, on Wednesday, somewhat tempering rising trans-Atlantic tensions and stock market jitters over concerns the U.S. is considering a takeover of Greenland. 

The nearly 90-minute speech, in which Trump lectured and hectored the tech executives and government officials in the audience, many from Europe, before clarifying that he didn’t want to use force and ultimately wanted peace, could be summed up by Trump ribbing French President Emmanuel Macron, seemingly unaware of his eye injury. “I watched him yesterday with his beautiful sunglasses. I said, ‘What the hell happened?’” Trump later added, “I actually like him. I do.” 

And while the president ruled out using military force to acquire the Danish territory of Greenland, he did not back down from antagonistic rhetoric while repeating his contested claim of having stopped eight wars around the world. (Trump’s desire for a Nobel Peace Prize, one measure of his competitiveness with predecessor Barack Obama, has hung on this eight-war figure, which some countries such as India and Pakistan reject.)

Trump used his highly anticipated address at the World Economic Forum as a platform to reaffirm his critique of European nations and of the U.S.’s status as a global superpower, but clarified that he prefers a peaceful resolution to the question over Greenland’s ownership that has threatened to kneecap the 76-year-old NATO alliance.

“I don’t have to use force. I don’t want to use force. I won’t use force,” he said.

Trump’s statement on having resolved multiple conflicts first emerged in a leaked text message the president sent to Norwegian prime minister Jonas Gahr Støre over the weekend in which he said, ominously, that he was no longer obliged to “think purely of Peace.” In that message, Trump linked his Greenland bombast to the Nobel committee deciding not to award him a Peace Prize last October, despite having “stopped 8 wars PLUS.” The committee that awards Nobel Prizes is based in Norway, although the Norwegian government does not have a say in allocating the prizes. 

Sigh of relief in the mountains

The statement assuaged the concerns of some European leaders about a possible military confrontation with the U.S. and seemed to reassure markets jittery about the onset of a new trade war, or the end of the western alliance. 

Markets responded positively after their big Tuesday sell-off. As of late morning, both the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones Industrial Average had risen over 1%, while the Nasdaq Composite index had advanced 1.3%. The 10-year Treasury yield turned lower, and the U.S. dollar stabilized after big losses Tuesday.

But Trump’s comments were an olive branch in text only, not in tone. Speaking for over an hour, the president reiterated his desire for Greenland, stating “that’s our territory” with regards to the island, while claiming he had “stopped eight wars.” (India has repeatedly rejected Trump’s claim that he stopped a war between the countries, while Pakistan has welcomed his involvement, nominating him for a Nobel.)

And while Trump toned down aggressive rhetoric of an impending military takeover of Greenland, he made clear to foreign leaders that it was a choice, even a favor: “We probably won’t get anything unless I decide to use excessive strength and force, where we would be, frankly, unstoppable, but I won’t do that,” he said.

Trump’s claim has been disputed. While the president did not specify which wars he was referring to, the U.S. has been involved in six ceasefires, although tensions have occasionally flared between Israel and Hamas and India and Pakistan. He may also be referring to agreements brokered during his first term.

Trump’s ruling out of military force on Wednesday soothed some European officials. Rasmus Jarlov, who chairs the defense committee in Denmark’s parliament, told The New York Times he “wasn’t too upset” with the president’s comments.

Lars Lokke Rasmussen, Denmark’s foreign minister, was encouraged as well: “It is positive that it is being said that military force will not be used,” he told local reporters Wednesday. “But that will not make this case go away,” he added.

While Trump reiterated his desire for a peaceful resolution during his speech, he challenged European leaders to remain opposed to him.

“You can say yes and we will be very appreciative, or you can say no and we will remember,” he said.



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