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The AI jobs apocalypse isn’t upon us, according to new data

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Hello and welcome to Eye on AI. In this edition: No AI Jobpocalypse, plus early signs of life for entry-level jobs…OpenAI launches Sora 2Meta plans to use AI chatbot conversations to personalize ads…and more companies are disclosing AI-related risks.

Hi, Beatrice Nolan here, filling in for AI reporter Sharon Goldman, who is out today. For all the corporate hype and Silicon Valley hand-wringing, new research suggests that the U.S. jobs market hasn’t yet experienced the AI apocalypse some have warned about.

In a new report, researchers from Yale’s Budget Lab and the Brookings Institution said they had found no evidence of any “discernible disruption” to jobs since the launch of OpenAI’s ChatGPT in November 2022. The study found that most of the ongoing shifts in the U.S. occupational mix, a measure of the types of jobs people hold, were already underway in 2021, and recent changes don’t appear any more dramatic.

“While the occupational mix is changing more quickly than it has in the past, it is not a large difference and predates the widespread introduction of AI in the workforce,” the researchers wrote in the report. “Currently, measures of exposure, automation, and augmentation show no sign of being related to changes in employment or unemployment.”

Industries with higher AI exposure, such as Information, Financial Activities, and Professional and Business Services, have seen some downward shifts, but these trends largely began before ChatGPT’s launch.

The conclusion isn’t altogether shocking, although it flies in the face of some of the AI doomsayers’ more dramatic claims. Historically, major workplace disruptions have unfolded over decades, not months or years. Computers, for example, didn’t become common in offices until nearly 10 years after their debut, and it was even longer before they reshaped workflows. If AI ends up transforming the labor market as dramatically as computers did—or more so—it’s reasonable to expect that broad effects will take longer than three years to appear.

Some executives have also told me they are taking a “wait and see” approach to hiring while they assess whether the tech can really deliver on its productivity promises. This approach can slow hiring and make the labor market feel sluggish, but it doesn’t necessarily mean workers are being automated out of their jobs.

While anxiety over the effects of AI on today’s labor market may be widespread, the new data suggests that this anxiety is still largely speculative. 

Entry-level hiring woes

The real hiring pain has been felt by college grads and entry-level workers.

There’s no denying that AI is better at tasks typically done by this class of workers, and companies have increasingly been saying the quiet part out loud when it comes to junior roles. But claims that AI is keeping recent graduates out of work aren’t entirely supported by the new data. When researchers compared jobless rates for recent graduates to those with more experience, new grads seemed to be having a slightly tougher time landing roles, but the gap wasn’t big enough to suggest technology is the main factor.

The researchers found a small increase in occupational dissimilarity compared to older graduates, which could reflect early AI effects but also could just as easily be attributed to labor market trends, including employers’ and job-seekers’ reactions to noise about AI replacing workers. The report suggests that entry-level struggles are more likely to be part of broader labor market dynamics rather than a direct result of AI adoption.

Recently, there have also been anecdotal but promising signs of life in the entry-level job market. For example, Shopify and Cloudflare are both increasing their intern intake this year, with Cloudflare calling AI tools a way “to multiply how new hires can contribute to a team” rather than a replacement for the new hires themselves. Younger workers are typically more receptive, more eager to experiment, and more creative when it comes to using emerging technology, which could give companies that hire them an edge. As U.K.-based programmer Simon Willison put it: “An intern armed with AI tools can produce value a whole lot faster than interns in previous years.”

The researchers cautioned that the analysis isn’t predictive, and they plan to keep updating their findings. They also warned that the sample size is small.

Just because AI hasn’t significantly impacted the labor market yet doesn’t mean it won’t in the future. Some recent assessments, such as OpenAI’s new GDPval benchmark, show that leading AI models are getting better at performing professional tasks at or above human expert level on roughly half of cases, depending on the sector. As AI tools improve and companies get better at integrating them, the tech could have a more direct impact on the workforce.

But should we be thinking of AI as just the next computer, or as a new industrial revolution? At least for now, the jury’s still out.

With that, here’s the rest of the AI news.

Beatrice Nolan
bea.nolan@fortune.com
@beafreyanolan

FORTUNE ON AI

We’re not in an ‘AI winter’—but here’s how to survive a cold snap —by Sharon Goldman

California governor signs landmark AI safety law, forcing major tech companies to disclose protocols and protect whistleblowers —Beatrice Nolan

How OpenAI and Stripe’s latest move could blow up online shopping as we know it —by Sharon Goldman

Meta is exploiting the ‘illusion of privacy’ to sell you ads based on chatbot conversations, top AI ethics expert says—and you can’t opt out —Eva Roytburg

AI IN THE NEWS

Meta plans to use AI chatbot conversations to personalize ads. Meta will begin using chats with its AI assistant to shape ads and content recommendations across Facebook and Instagram. The company announced the update to its recommendation system on Wednesday, adding it will take effect on Dec. 16, with user notifications beginning Oct. 7. The company told the Wall Street Journal that it will not use conversations about religion, politics, sexual orientation, health, or race and ethnicity to personalize ads or content. The move will tie Meta’s massive investments in generative AI into its core ad business. Users can’t opt out, but those who don’t use Meta AI won’t be affected, according to the Journal.

Mira Murati’s Thinking Machines Lab launches its first product. Thinking Machines, an AI lab lead by former OpenAI CTO Mira Murati, has launched a tool that automates the creation of custom frontier AI models. Murati told Wired the tool, called Tinker, “will help empower researchers and developers to experiment with models and will make frontier capabilities much more accessible to all people.” The team believes that giving users the tools to fine-tune frontier models will demystify the process of model tuning, make advanced AI accessible beyond big labs, and help to unlock specialized capabilities in areas like math, law, or medicine. The startup raised $2 billion in seed funding in July 2025, before releasing any products, and is made up of a team of top researchers including John Schulman, who cofounded OpenAI and led the creation of ChatGPT. Read more from Wired.

OpenAI launches a new version of Sora. OpenAI has launched Sora 2, its next-generation AI video and audio model, along with a companion app that lets users create, share, and remix AI-generated videos. The new model improves photorealistic motion, generates speech, and introduces “cameos,” allowing users to insert themselves into videos via a short verification recording. However, according to the Wall Street Journal, the new video generator requires copyright holders to opt out. This means that movie studios and other IP owners must actively request that OpenAI exclude their copyrighted material from videos generated by the new version of Sora. A later report from 404 Media found that users are able to generate strange and often offensive content featuring copyrighted characters like Pikachu, SpongeBob SquarePants, and figures from The Simpsons. Read more from 404 Media here.

A new startup is scooping up top AI researchers. Periodic Labs, a new San Francisco startup founded by ChatGPT co-creator Liam Fedus and former DeepMind scientist Ekin Dogus Cubuk, has recruited a string of top AI researchers from OpenAI, Google DeepMind, and Meta, according to the New York Times. More than 20 researchers, including Rishabh Agarwal, who was poached by Meta from DeepMind just a few months ago, have left their work at major AI companies to join the startup focused on building AI that accelerates real-world scientific discovery in physics, chemistry, and materials science. It’s backed by $300 million in funding and plans to use robots to run large-scale lab experiments. Read more from the New York Times.

AI CALENDAR

Oct. 6-10: World AI Week, Amsterdam.

Oct. 21-22: TedAI San Francisco.

Nov. 10-13: Web Summit, Lisbon. 

Nov. 26-27: World AI Congress, London.

Dec. 2-7: NeurIPS, San Diego.

Dec. 8-9: Fortune Brainstorm AI San Francisco. Apply to attend here.

EYE ON AI NUMBERS

72% 

That’s the percentage of S&P 500 companies that have disclosed an AI-related risk this year, according to The Conference Board, a nonprofit think tank and business membership organization, and ESGAUGE, a data analytics firm. Public company disclosure of AI as a material risk has surged in the past two years, with the share of  S&P 500 companies citing an AI-related risk jumping from 12% in 2023 to 72% this year.

Reputational risk is the most frequently cited concern around AI, disclosed by 38% of companies in 2025. Cybersecurity was a close second, cited by 20% of firms in both 2024 and 2025. While all sectors are disclosing risks, financial, health care, and industrials have seen the sharpest rise. This may be because financial and health care companies face regulatory risks tied to sensitive data and fairness, while industrials are largely scaling automation and robotics.

“The rise in AI-related risk disclosures reflects the rapid mainstreaming of AI across corporate functions in recent years, as companies embed it more deeply into areas such as supply chains, customer engagement, and product development,” Andrew Jones, principal researcher at The Conference Board, told Fortune. “With adoption expanding, firms have increased their internal focus on governance, compliance, and operational considerations, with boards, risk committees, and legal teams evaluating potential challenges from data privacy and bias to regulatory uncertainty and liability.” 

The dramatic surge in disclosures does signal that more companies are seeing AI integration as a material risk that needs to be actively managed and communicated to investors. The findings were based on Form 10-K filings from S&P 500 companies available through Aug. 15, 2025.



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Selling America is a ‘dangerous bet,’ UBS CEO warns as markets panic

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Investors are “selling America” in spades Tuesday: The 10-year Treasury yield is at its highest point since August; the U.S. dollar slid; and the traditional safe-haven metal investments—gold and silver—surged once again to record highs.

The CEO of UBS Group, the world’s largest private bank, thinks this market is making a “dangerous bet.”

“Diversifying away from America is impossible,” UBS Group CEO Sergio Ermotti told Bloomberg in a television interview at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, on Tuesday. “Things can change rapidly, and the U.S. is the strongest economy in the world, the one who has the highest level of innovation right now.” 

The catalyst for the selloff was fresh escalation from U.S. President Donald Trump, who has threatened a 10% tariff on eight European allies—including Germany, France, and the U.K.—unless they cede to his demands to acquire Greenland.

Trump also threatened a 200% tariff on French wine and Champagne to pressure French President Emmanuel Macron to join his Board of Peace. Trump’s favorite “Mr. Tariff” is back, and bond investors are unhappy with the volatility.

But if investors keep getting caught up in the volatility of day-to-day politics and shun the U.S., they’ll miss the forest for the trees, Ermotti argued. While admitting the current environment is “bumpy,” he pointed to a statistic: Last year alone, the U.S. created 25 million new millionaires. For a wealth manager like UBS, that is 1,000 new millionaires a day. To shun that level of innovation in U.S. equities for gold would be a reactionary move that ignores the long-term innovation of the U.S. economy. 

“We see two big levers: First of all, wealth creation, GDP growth, innovation, and also more idiosyncratic to UBS is that we see potential for us to become more present, increase our market share,” Ermotti said. 

But if something doesn’t give in the standoff between the European Union and Trump, there could be potential further de-dollarization, this time, from Europe selling its U.S. bonds, George Saravelos, head of FX research at Deutsche Bank, wrote in a note Sunday. Indeed, on Tuesday, Danish pension funds sold $100 million in U.S. Treasuries, allegedly owing to “poor” U.S. finances, though the pension fund’s chief said of the debacle over Greenland: “Of course, that didn’t make it more difficult to take the decision.” 

Europe owns twice as many U.S. bonds and equities as the rest of the world combined. If the rest of Europe follows Denmark’s lead, that could be an $8 trillion market at risk, Saravelos argued. 

“In an environment where the geo-economic stability of the Western alliance is being disrupted existentially, it is not clear why Europeans would be as willing to play this part,” he wrote. 

Back in the U.S., the markets also sold off as the Nasdaq and S&P both fell 2% Tuesday, already shedding the entirety of Greenland’s value on Trump’s threats, University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers noted. Analysts and investors are uneasy, given the history of Trump declaring a stark tariff before negotiating with the country to take it down, also known as the “TACO”—Trump always chickens out—effect. Investors have been “burnt before by overreacting to tariff threats,” Jim Reid of Deutsche Bank noted. That’s a similar stance to the UBS bank chief: If you react too much to headlines, you’ll miss the great innovation that’s pushed the stock market to record highs for the past three years.

“I wouldn’t really bet against the U.S.,” he said.



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Trump added $2.25 trillion to the national debt in his first year back in charge, watchdog says

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Trump’s first year back in the White House closed with the U.S. national debt roughly $2.25 trillion higher than when he retook the oath of office, showing how fast Washington’s red ink is piling up even amid DOGE hype and promises to pay it down. Over the calendar year 2025, the growth in the national debt was even higher, some $2.29 trillion.

The acceleration in borrowing, with the national debt standing at $38.4 trillion and growing as of January 9, is sharpening warnings from budget watchdogs and Wall Street alike that the country’s fiscal path is becoming a growing vulnerability for the economy.​ The total national debt has grown by $71,884.09 per second for the past year, according to Congressman David Schweikert’s Daily Debt Monitor.

Over the 12 months from the close of trading on Jan. 17, 2025, to the end of day Jan. 15, 2026, the federal government added approximately $2.25 trillion to the national debt, according to calculations shared exclusively with Fortune by the Peter G. Peterson Foundation. That period roughly captures President Donald Trump’s first year back in office, as it is the last business day before last year’s Inauguration Day and the most recent day for which data are available. The jump from $37 trillion to $38 trillion in just two months between August and October was particularly notable, with the Peterson Foundation calculating at the time that it was the fastest rate of growth outside the pandemic. Michael A. Peterson, CEO of the nonpartisan watchdog dedicated to fiscal sustainability, told Fortune at the time that “if it seems like we are adding debt faster than ever, that’s because we are.”

As for how these figures compare to recent presidencies, the Peterson Foundation provided calculations (below) for each calendar year over the last quarter-century, revealing that President Joe Biden owns the highest year of national debt growth outside the pandemic, with almost $2.6 trillion in 2023. President Trump far and away holds the record, with nearly $4.6 trillion of national-debt growth occurring during the pandemic year of 2020, when massive federal spending occurred in the form of economic relief measures.

Trump and Biden together own the top five highest-debt-incurring years, two for Trump and three for Biden, across five of the last six years. While the figures are not adjusted for inflation, by and large, Trump and Biden have roughly doubled the rate of debt accumulation under President Barack Obama and tripled, even quadrupled the rate of growth under President George W. Bush, depending on which term you’re looking at. To be sure, both Bush and Obama presided over the aftermath of the Great Recession of 2008, with experts still debating whether their fiscal responses were large enough.

Interest costs explode

The surge in debt is landing just as interest costs on that debt become one of Washington’s fastest‑growing expenses. The specific line item for net interest in the federal budget totaled $970 billion for fiscal year 2025, but the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) calculated that, including spending for net interest payments on the public debt, this broke the $1 trillion barrier for the first time. The Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, another nonpartisan watchdog, projects $1 trillion per year in interest payments from here on out.

Trump has repeatedly argued that his ambitious tariff program will be enough to tame the debt burden, casting duties on imports as a kind of magic revenue source for Washington. Treasury data show tariffs are bringing in significantly more money than before—likely in the $300 billion to $400 billion‑a‑year range—but even optimistic projections suggest those sums only cover a fraction of annual interest costs and an even smaller slice of total federal spending.​ As Trump retreated from many of his tariff threats—before the January 2026 spike that he threatened in relation to his desire for U.S. possession of Greenland—the CBO calculated that $800 billion of projected deficit reduction had also vanished.

At the same time, the administration has promised to share some of that tariff revenue directly with households through a proposed $2,000 “dividend” for every American, a pledge that independent analysts estimate could cost around $600 billion per year and further widen the deficit unless offset elsewhere. Economists say that the combination—more borrowing, high interest rates, and new permanent commitments—risks locking in structural deficits that keep the debt rising faster than the overall economy.​

Markets and America’s ‘Achilles’ heel’

Financial markets are taking notice. As Washington auctions hundreds of billions of dollars in new Treasury securities each week, yields on longer‑term notes and bonds have moved higher, reflecting both tighter monetary conditions and investor unease about the sheer volume of U.S. borrowing. Recent analysis from Deutsche Bank and others has described America’s mounting debt load as an “Achilles heel” that could leave the dollar and broader economy more vulnerable to shocks, particularly as geopolitical tensions and tariff fights escalate.​

Those worries are amplified by the prospect of future recessions or emergencies that could force the government to borrow even more heavily on top of today’s already‑elevated baseline. Rating agencies and international lenders have not sounded any immediate alarm about U.S. solvency, but they have increasingly highlighted fiscal risks in their outlooks, pointing to widening deficits and a political system that has struggled to impose discipline.​

Voters are paying attention

If there is one thing Americans still broadly agree on, it is that the debt problem matters. Recent polling sponsored by the Peterson Foundation found that roughly 82% of voters say the national debt is an important issue for the country, even as they remain divided over which programs to cut or taxes to raise.

Trump first won office vowing to erase the national debt over time; a decade later, after his return to power, that figure has instead climbed to record highs. As the administration prepares for another year of governing—and another season of fiscal showdowns on Capitol Hill—the question is shifting from whether the debt is growing too fast to how long the world’s largest economy can keep outrunning its own balance sheet.

For this story, Fortune journalists used generative AI as a research tool. An editor verified the accuracy of the information before publishing.



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Gen Z’s nostalgia for ‘2016 vibes’ reveals something deeper: a protest against the world and economy they inherited

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Gen Z’s “2016 vibes” fixation is less about pastel Instagram filters and more about an economic and cultural shift: they are coming of age in a world where cheap Ubers, underpriced delivery, and a looser-feeling internet simply no longer exist. What looks like a lighthearted nostalgia trend is something more structural: a reaction to coming of age against the backdrop of a fully mature internet economy.

On TikTok and Instagram, “2016 vibes” has become a full-blown aesthetic, with POV clips, soundtracks of mid‑2010s hits, and filters that soften the present into a memory. Searches for “2016” on TikTok jumped more than 450% in the first week of January, and more than 1.6 million videos celebrating the year’s look and feel have been uploaded, according to creator‑economy newsletter After School by Casey Lewis. Lewis noted that only a few months ago, “millennial cringe” was rebranded as “millennial optimism,” with Gen Zers longing to experience a more carefree era. Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton, although it debuted in 2015, arguably has a 2016 vibe, for instance. Some millennial optimism is downright bewildering to Gen Z, such as what it calls the “stomp, clap, hey” genre of neo-folk pop music, recalling millennials’ own rediscovery (and new naming) of “yacht rock.”

Meanwhile, Google Trends reports that the search hit an all-time high in mid-January, with the top five trending “why is everyone…” searches all being related to 2016. The top two were “… posting 2016 pics” and “... talking about 2016.”

Creators caption posts “2026 is the new 2016” and stitch side‑by‑side footage of house parties, festivals, and mall hangs, inviting viewers to imagine a version of young adulthood that feels more spontaneous and frictionless.​ At the risk of being too self-referential, the difference can be tracked in Fortune covers, from the stampeding of the unicorns, the billion-dollar startup that defined the supposedly carefree days of 2016, to the bust a decade later and the dawn of the “unicorpse” era.

And while the comparison may feel ridiculous to anyone who actually lived through 2016 as an adult and can remember the stresses and anxieties of that particular time, there is something going on here, with economics at its core. In short, millennials were able to enjoy the peak of a particular Silicon Valley moment in 2016, but 10 years later, Gen Z is late to the party, finding the price of admission is just too high for them to get in the door.

Everyone used to love Silicon Valley

For millennials, 2016 marked a time when technology expanded opportunity rather than eliminating it. Venture capital was cheap, platforms were underpriced, and software functioned to your personal advantage, with aforementioned unicorns flush with cash and willing to offer millennials a crazy deal. The early iterations of the gig-economy ecosystem—Uber, Airbnb, TaskRabbit—were at their peak affordability, lowering the cost of living and making urban life feel frictionless. And at work, new digital tools helped young employees do more, faster, standing out from the pack.

For older millennials, 2016 evokes a very specific consumer reality: Ubers that were often cheaper than cabs and takeout that arrived in minutes for a few dollars in fees. Both were the product of what The New York Times‘ Kevin Roose labeled the “millennial lifestyle subsidy” in 2021, looking back on the era “from roughly 2012 through early 2020, when many of the daily activities of big-city 20- and 30-somethings were being quietly underwritten by Silicon Valley venture capitalists.” Because Uber and Seamless were not really turning a profit all those years while they gained market share, as on a grander scale Amazon and Netflix were underpriced for years before cornering the market on ecommerce and streaming, these subsidies “allowed us to live Balenciaga lifestyles on Banana Republic budgets,” as Roose put it.

Gen Z never really knew what it felt like to take a practically free late-night ride across town, or feast on $50 worth of Chinese takeout while paying half that. And they certainly never knew what it felt like to see unlimited movies in theaters each month, for the flat rate allowed by one MoviePass app. For the generation seeking the 2016 vibe, $40 surge‑priced trips and double‑digit delivery fees are standard, not a shocking new inconvenience, and the frictionless urban lifestyle of the millennial heyday, before they entered their 40s, had (a declining number of) kids, and fought their way into the suburban housing market amid the pandemic housing boom, reads more like historical fiction than a realistic blueprint.​

Tech and digital culture was also just fun. Gen-Z remembers the heyday of Pokemon Go, the only app that somehow forced the youth outside and interacting with each other. Viral trends felt collective rather than segmented by algorithmic feeds. Back then, Vine jokes, Harambe memes, and Snapchat filters could sweep through timelines in a way that made the internet feel weirdly communal, even as politics darkened the horizon.

That helps explain why The New York Times‘ Madison Malone Kircher recently framed the new 2016 nostalgia as part of a broader reexamination of millennial optimism on social media. Celebrities like Kylie Jenner, Selena Gomez, and Karlie Kloss have joined in, uploading 2016 throwbacks that signal a desire to rewind to an era when influencer culture felt less high‑stakes and more experimental.

The moment tech stopped being fun

Then, something shifted. The attitude towards tech companies as nerdy but general do-gooders who “move fast and break things” for the sake of the world faded into a “techlash.” The Cambridge Analytica scandal rocked what was then called Meta and fueled panic around data privacy. Former tech insiders like Tristan Harris started popularizing the idea that the algorithms were addictive.

Thus, when Silicon Valley entered another boom cycle after the release of ChatGPT in 2022—producing a new generation of young, ambitious entrepreneurs and icons like Sam Altman and Elon Musk with a new breed of unicorns to go along with them—the moment was met with skepticism from Gen Z. Where millennials once found a quite literal free lunch, Gen Z increasingly sees threat.

The entry-level work that once functioned as a professional apprenticeship—research, synthesis, junior coding, coordination—is now being handled by autonomous systems. Companies are no longer hiring large cohorts of juniors to train up, often citing AI as the reason. Economists describe this as a “jobless expansion,” with data showing that the share of early-career employees at major tech firms has nearly halved since 2023. The result is a generation of so-called “digital natives” left to wonder whether the very skills they were told would future-proof them have instead been commoditized out of their reach.

Instead of innovation making technology feel communal and fun, as it did in 2016, generative AI has flooded platforms with low-quality content—what users now call “slop”—while raising alarms about addictive chatbots dispensing confident but dangerous advice to children. The promise of technology hasn’t vanished, but its emotional valence has flipped from something people used to get ahead to something they increasingly feel subjected to.

Gen Z’s view from the present

Commentators stress that this is largely a millennial‑led nostalgia wave—but Gen Z is the audience making it go massively viral. Many were children or young teens in 2016, old enough to remember the music and memes but too young to fully participate in the nightlife and freedom the year now symbolizes. For those now juggling college debt, precarious work, and a cost‑of‑living crisis, the grainy clips of suburban parking lots, festival wristbands, and crowded Ubers feel like evidence of a slightly easier universe that just slipped out of reach.​

In that sense, “2016 vibes” is a way for Gen Z to process a basic unfairness: they inherited the platforms without the perks. Casey Lewis argues that, even if Gen Z may be driving this trend’s surge to prominence, even a new kind of monocultural moment, it’s by definition a “uniquely millennial trend,” part of an ongoing reexamination of what is emerging with time as a culture created by the millennial generation. Lewis argues that 2016 has an “economic” hold on the cultural imagination, representing “a version of modern life with many of today’s technological advancements but greater financial accessibility.”

Chris DeVille, managing editor of the (surviving millennial-era) music blog Stereogum, tracked a similar trajectory in his introspective cultural history of indie rock, released in August 2025. He documented, at times with lacerating self-criticism, how the underground musical genre grew out of Gen X’s alternative music scene of the 1990s and turned into something that openly embraced synthesizers, arena sing-alongs and countless sellouts to nationally broadcast car commercials.

And that may be what the “2016 vibes” trend represents more than anything: an acknowledgement that the internet is fully professionalized and corporatized now, and the search for something organic, indie, and authentic will have to take place somewhere else.

This story was originally featured on Fortune.com



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