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Ray Dalio was so broke early in his career he had to borrow $4,000 from his dad—and learned 2 key lessons that set him on the road to billionaire status

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Before becoming the founder Bridgewater Associates, not to mention a celebrated author, Ray Dalio faced a moment of financial distress that reshaped his entire approach to investing and life. After being fired early in his career, Dalio founded what would become the world’s largest hedge fund as an independent operation, run out of his two-bedroom apartment in New York City. Within a few years, he found himself “so broke” he had to borrow $4,000 from his father just to cover family bills.

“This was painful,” Dalio told a fellow billionaire, Carlyle Group co-founder David Rubenstein, in a conversation at New York’s 92nd Street Y in July. But it also had a deep impact, he continued.

“That changed my approach to everything,” Dalio said, adding he learned two key lessons from this episode.

After striking out on his own to found Bridgewater in 1975, Dalio said he hit his lowest point around 1980-1981, when he had calculated the U.S. had lent more money to countries than they could ever repay and predicted a major debt crisis. When Mexico defaulted on its debt in 1982, Dalio believed his position would pay off, even in the face of the severe economic crisis that he anticipated. However, he “couldn’t have been more wrong.” Instead of a downturn, the stock market went up, and monetary policy was eased, costing him dearly. This miscalculation left him financially devastated, forcing him to borrow $4,000 from his father to meet family expenses.

“Nobody does everything perfectly, not even Warren Buffett,” Dalio told Rubenstein, but this episode gave him the “humility” to go along with his “audacity,” he said, along with a very simple lesson in “the power of diversification.”

Dalio’s lessons

This humbling episode fundamentally changed Dalio’s perspective, he said, leading to two transformative insights:

Lesson 1: Cultivating Humility and Questioning One’s Own Certainty. The experience made Dalio reflect deeply on how he could truly know if he was right. This new approach led him to a practice he began roughly 35 to 40 years ago: pausing to reflect and write down the specific criteria he would use to make a decision. This act of documentation forced deeper thought, and he later realized these criteria could be coded and back-tested to evaluate their effectiveness over time. This systematic approach to decision-making, which he calls “principles” (having written down thousands of them), became the bedrock upon which Bridgewater Associates was built. It’s also the title of Dalio’s New York Times bestseller.

Lesson 2: Embracing the Power of Diversification. The crisis also led Dalio to appreciate diversification could reduce risk by up to 80% without diminishing returns. This revelation became the “bottom of Bridgewater,” he said, from which point the firm saw consistent positive returns, averaging roughly 11.8% over the subsequent 30-plus years, with only minimal annual declines. His investment mantra became “15 good uncorrelated return streams,” engineered to have similar expected returns, which he found dramatically lowers risk and boosts the return-to-risk ratio by a factor of five.

For Dalio, this near-ruinous period was not merely a setback but a profound educational experience that redefined his investment strategy and personal philosophy. Now that he’s in a “stage in life where you’re passing things along,” Dalio said he finds “great joy” in sharing these learned mechanics and cause-effect relationships with others. His goal isn’t to scare people, but to provide understanding, operating on the principle that “if you worry you don’t have to worry and if you don’t worry you need to worry,” as worry can prevent what one fears. His personal financial rock bottom ultimately became the foundation for his enduring success and his commitment to teaching others how to navigate complex financial landscapes.

Dalio’s new book on how countries go broke

Going broke was on Dalio’s mind because of the subject of his new book: How Countries Go Broke: The Big Cycle. Dalio, who often issues warnings on social media about America’s record $37 trillion national debt, wrote on LinkedIn he wanted to write this book because he sees the U.S. and other countries “headed toward having the equivalent of economic heart attacks.” He said he wanted to explain the mechanics and principles he uses, ever since he learned those key lessons in the early 1980s.

He likens the credit/market system to the human circulatory system, “bringing nutrients to all parts of the body that make up the markets and economy.” If this doesn’t produce enough income to service debt and interest, then “debt service will build up like plaque that squeezes out other spending.”

In a statement provided to Fortune, Dalio said one of his principles relates to recognition of big cycles and patterns.

“The same basic big cycles that drive these systems to change have happened thousands of times before for the same reasons,” and he is describing the “Overall Big Debt Cycle” in this book because he believes the world is “on the brink of very big changes.”

It’s the product of years of audacity, sprinkled with a great dose of humility and constant diversification.

Introducing the 2025 Fortune Global 500, the definitive ranking of the biggest companies in the world. Explore this year’s list.



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Binance has been proudly nomadic for years. A new announcement suggests it’s chosen an HQ

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For years, Binance has dodged questions about where it plans to establish a corporate headquarters. On Monday, the world’s largest crypto exchange made an announcement that indicates it has chosen a location: Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates.

In its announcement, Binance reported that it has secured three global financial licenses within Abu Dhabi Global Market, a special economic zone inside the Emirati city. The licenses regulate three different prongs of the exchange’s business: its exchange, clearinghouse, and broker dealer services. The three regulated entities are named Nest Exchange Limited, Nest Clearing and Custody Limited, and Nest Trading Limited, respectively.

Richard Teng, the co-CEO of Binance, declined to say whether Abu Dhabi is now Binance’s global headquarters. “But for all intents and purposes, if you look at the regulatory sphere, I think the global regulators are more concerned of where we are regulated on a global basis,” he said, adding that Abu Dhabi Global Market is where his crypto exchange’s “global platform” will be governed.

A company spokesperson declined to add more to Teng’s comments, but did not deny Fortune’s assertion that Binance appears to have chosen Abu Dhabai as its headquarters.

Corporate governance

The Abu Dhabi announcement suggests that Binance, which has for years taken pride in branding itself as a company with no fixed location, is bowing to the practical considerations that go with being a major financial firm—and the corporate governance obligations that entails.

When Changpeng Zhao, the cofounder and former CEO of Binance, launched the company in 2017, he initially established the exchange in Hong Kong. But, weeks after he registered Binance in the city, China banned cryptocurrency trading, and Zhao moved his nascent trading platform. Binance has since been itinerant. “Wherever I sit is going to be the Binance office,” Zhao said in 2020.

The location of a company’s headquarters impacts its tax obligations and what regulations it needs to follow. In 2023, after Binance reached a landmark $4.3 billion settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice, Zhao stepped down as CEO and pleaded guilty to failing to implement an effective anti-money laundering program.

Teng took over and promised to implement the corporate structures—like a board of directors—that are the norm for companies of Binance’s size. Teng, who now shares the CEO role with the newly appointed Yi He, oversaw the appointment of Binance’s first board in April 2024. And he’s repeatedly telegraphed that his crypto exchange is focused on regulatory compliance.

Binance already has a strong footprint in the Emirates. It has a crypto license in Dubai, received a $2 billion investment from an Emirati venture fund in March, and, that same month, said it employed 1,000 employees in the country. 



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Leaders in Congress outperform rank-and-file lawmakers on stock trades by up to 47% a year

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Stocks held by members of Congress have been beating the S&P 500 lately, but there’s a subset of lawmakers who crush their peers: leadership.

According to a recent working paper for the National Bureau of Economic Research, congressional leaders outperform back benchers by up to 47% a year.

Shang-Jin Wei from Columbia University and Columbia Business School along with Yifan Zhou from Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University looked at lawmakers who ascended to leadership posts, such as Speaker of the House as well as House and Senate floor leaders, whips, and conference/caucus chairs.

Between 1995 and 2021, there were 20 such leaders who made stock trades before and after rising to their posts. Wei and Zhou observed that lawmakers underperformed benchmarks before becoming leaders, then everything suddenly changed.

“Importantly, whilst we observe a huge improvement in leaders’ trading performance as they ascend to leadership roles, the matched ‘regular’ members’ stock trading performance does not improve much,” they wrote.

Leadership’s stock market edge stems in part from their ability to set the regulatory or legislation agenda, such as deciding if and when a particular bill will be put to a vote. Setting the agenda also gives leaders advanced knowledge of when certain actions will take place.

In fact, Wei and Zhou found that leaders demonstrate much better returns on stock trades that are made when their party controls their chamber.

In addition, being a leader also increases access to non-public information. The researchers said that while companies are reluctant to share such insider knowledge, they may prioritize revealing it to leaders over rank-and-file lawmakers.

Leaders earn higher returns on companies that contribute to their campaigns or are headquartered in their states, which Wei and Zhou said could be attributable to “privileged access to firm-specific information.”

The upper echelon also influences how other members of Congress vote, and the paper found that a leader’s party is much more likely to vote for bills that help firms whose stocks the leader held, or vote against bills that harmed them. And stocks owned by leadership tend to see increases in federal contract awards, especially sole-source contracts, over the following one to two years.

“These results suggest that congressional leaders may not only trade on privileged knowledge, but also shape policy outcomes to enrich themselves,” Wei and Zhou wrote.

Stock trades by congressional leaders are even predictive, forecasting higher occurrences of positive or negative corporate news over the following year, they added. In particular, stock sales predict the number of hearings and regulatory actions over the coming year, though purchases don’t.

Investors have long suspected that Washington has a special advantage on Wall Street. That’s given rise to more ETFs with political themes, including funds that track portfolios belonging to Democrats and Republicans in Congress.

And Paul Pelosi, former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s husband, even has a cult following among some investors who mimic his stock moves.

Congress has tried to crack down on members’ stock holdings. The STOCK Act of 2012 requires more timely disclosures, but some lawmakers want to ban trading completely.

A bipartisan group of House members is pushing legislation that would prohibit members of Congress, their spouses, dependent children, and trustees from trading individual stocks, commodities, or futures.

And this past week, a discharge petition was put forth that would force a vote in the House if it gets enough signatures.

“If leadership wants to put forward a bill that would actually do that and end the corruption, we’re all for it,” said Rep. Anna Paulina Luna, R-Fla., on social media on Tuesday. “But we’re tired of the partisan games. This is the most bipartisan bipartisan thing in U.S. history, and it’s time that the House of Representatives listens to the American people.”



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Macron warns EU may hit China with tariffs over trade surplus

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French President Emmanuel Macron warned that the European Union may be forced to take “strong measures” against China, including potential tariffs, if Beijing fails to address its widening trade imbalance with the bloc.

“I’m trying to explain to the Chinese that their trade surplus isn’t sustainable because they’re killing their own clients, notably by importing hardly anything from us any more,” Macron told Les Echos newspaper in an interview published on Sunday.

“If they don’t react, in the coming months we Europeans will be obliged to take strong measures and decouple, like the US, like for example tariffs on Chinese products,” he said, adding that he had discussed the matter with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen.

Macron has just returned from a three-day state visit in China, where he pressed for more investment as Paris seeks to recalibrate its relationship with the world’s second-largest economy. France’s goods trade deficit with China reached around €47 billion ($54.7 billion) last year, according to the French Treasury. Meanwhile, China’s goods trade surplus with the EU swelled to almost $143 billion in the first half of 2025, a record for any six-month period, according to data released by China earlier this year.

Tensions between France and China escalated last year after Paris backed the EU’s decision to impose tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles. Beijing retaliated by imposing minimum price requirements on French cognac, sparking fears among pork and dairy producers that they could be targeted next.

‘Life or Death’

Macron said the US approach to China was “inappropriate” and had worsened Europe’s position by diverting Chinese goods toward the EU market.

“Today, we’re stuck between the two, and it’s a question of life or death for European industry,” Macron said, while noting that Germany — Europe’s biggest economy — doesn’t entirely share France’s stance.

In addition to Europe needing to become more competitive, the European Central Bank too has a role to play in strengthening the EU’s single market, Macron said, arguing that monetary policy should take growth and jobs into account, not just inflation, he said.

He also said the ECB’s decision to continue selling the government bonds it holds risks pushing up long-term interest rates and weighing on economic activity.

“Europe must — and wants to — remain a zone of monetary stability and credible investment,” Macron said.



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