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What I learned after spending a week ICML, one of AI’s top research conferences, in Vancouver

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Welcome to Eye on AI! In this edition...Scale AI cuts 14% of workforce after Meta investment, hiring of founder Wang...OpenAI to take cut of ChatGPT shopping sales in hunt for revenues...Former top Google researchers have built a new kind of AI agent—and they think it could be a step toward superintelligence.

I am reporting Eye on AI this week from Vancouver, where I’ve been hanging out with thousands of PhD-level AI researchers at the International Conference for Machine Learning (ICML), one of the top annual gatherings for AI talent from elite universities, Big Tech labs and AI startups. 

I’ll be honest: It’s humbling to be here, surrounded by professors, postdocs, and industry researchers who casually drop references to mathematical proofs and thermodynamics metaphors into everyday conversation. There are thousands of posters, papers, and presentations—far too many to meaningfully absorb, even if I fed them all into ChatGPT. My brain feels like it’s running at max capacity as I try to make sense of talks titled “Controlling Underestimation Bias in Constrained Reinforcement Learning for Safe Exploration” and “Discrete Flow Matching for Graph Generation.”

Still, there’s something electric about being in the room where the future of AI is being debated, defined, and maybe even redirected. I’m a big believer in getting out of my comfort zone—and into a beginner’s mindset—especially in a space where today’s theories might become tomorrow’s technologies. As I wrap up my time at ICML, here’s what’s sticking with me: 

The AI talent wars are in full swing. Meta’s extraordinary, ongoing hiring spree, which has thrown tens and even hundreds of millions of dollars at elite AI researchers lured from OpenAI, Anthropic, Google DeepMind and others, is the talk of ICML. Some clearly see it as over-the-top, with one London-based researcher telling me it is creating “a bubble.” Others envision Meta as a dream gig—one Swedish PhD student, showing off an armful of swag from various exhibition hall booths, including a pair of blue IBM socks—said he could only hope to land an interview there one day. Either way, Big Tech had recruiters working overtime, with private after-hour events for candidates sprinkled out at venues near the Vancouver Convention Center. 

There’s no better place to ask questions. One of the best things about hanging out with really smart people is picking the brains of really smart people. It helps that AI researchers are typically incredibly kind about explaining their work to a curious journalist. In a vast expo hall filled with seemingly-endless rows of poster presentations, you never know when you’ll happen upon a well-known Stanford University professor perfectly happy to spend 20 minutes chatting about AI model behavior and ethical guardrails. How valuable are one-on-one meetings here? How about a machine learning pioneer waxing philosophically about the old days (which are only 10-15 years ago)? Or a former Google Brain researcher patiently explaining the ins and outs of Transformer models? Priceless. 

Scaling up reinforcement learning (RL) is all the rage. That’s not my line—it’s from former Tesla AI chief Andrej Karpathy on X—but RL was everywhere at ICML. (RL, or reinforcement learning, is a training method where Ai learns by trial and error, to maximize some reward. That could be points in a game, or the number of “thumbs up” grades an AI model’s outputs receive from a human evaluator.) Now, researchers are taking reinforcement learning techniques and pushing them to much larger scales to train or fine-tune today’s big language and multimodal models. With more data, more compute, and harder tasks, you (hopefully) get models that work to reason better, follow instructions more reliably, and behave more safely in messy, real-world, enterprise settings. 

Lots of researchers are ready to live their founder dream. There is the startlingly young duo out of Princeton building multimodal medical foundation models. The PhD-level intern at Waymo using Pokemon games to stress-test large language models and AI agents on strategy. The ex-Google and ex-OpenAI researchers aiming to leapfrog current AI tech. With VCs walking the halls during the day and offering open bar events at night, it was easy to view this research conference as partly a hotbed of current and potential founders. 

I’m ready to head back to New Jersey, with plenty of new story ideas and sources in tow. With that, here’s the rest of the AI news.

Sharon Goldman
sharon.goldman@fortune.com
@sharongoldman

AI IN THE NEWS

Scale AI cuts 14% of workforce after Meta investment, hiring of founder Wang. Just weeks after Meta invested $14.3 billion in Scale AI and hired founder Alexandr Wang, the AI startup is laying off 200 full-time employees—about 14% of its workforce, according to CNBC. In a memo to staff on Wednesday, interim CEO Jason Droege, who recently took over for Wang, said the company had scaled its generative AI efforts “too quickly” and had built up “excessive bureaucracy.” Despite the cuts, Droege emphasized that Scale remains well-funded and well-resourced. “These changes will make us more nimble—enabling us to react more quickly to shifts in the market and customer needs,” he wrote in the memo viewed by CNBC. “This structure will allow us to better serve the customers we have today and win back customers that have slowed down work with us.”

OpenAI to take cut of ChatGPT shopping sales in hunt for revenues. According to the Financial Times, OpenAI is planning to take a cut of product sales made directly through ChatGPT as it ramps up efforts to turn the chatbot into an ecommerce platform. Currently, ChatGPT surfaces product listings with links to external retailers. But according to multiple sources familiar with the plans, OpenAI now aims to integrate a full checkout system—allowing users to complete purchases within ChatGPT. Merchants who fulfill orders through this system would pay OpenAI a commission. The company also announced a partnership with Shopify in April as part of its broader push into AI-driven shopping.

Former top Google researchers have built a new kind of AI agent—and they think it could be a step toward superintelligence. Their startup, Reflection, just unveiled Asimov, an agent that learns how software is built not just by reading code, but by digesting everything around it: emails, Slack messages, documentation, and project updates. According to Wired, the goal is to create a more capable AI assistant—and to teach models how humans actually build things, one decision at a time.

FORTUNE ON AI

Elon Musk released xAI’s Grok 4 without any safety reports—despite calling AI more ‘dangerous than nukes’ – by Beatrice Nolan

Commentary: The companies laying off staff for AI today will regret it in five years – by Alexandra Ebert

Delta moves toward eliminating set prices in favor of AI that determines how much you personally will pay for a ticket – by Irina Ivanova

CEO of $14 billion AI firm Perplexity says the secret to success is ‘sleeping with that fear’ that your competitor will steal your idea – by Preston Fore

AI CALENDAR

July 22-23: Fortune Brainstorm AI Singapore. Apply to attend here.

July 26-28: World Artificial Intelligence Conference (WAIC), Shanghai. 

Sept. 8-10: Fortune Brainstorm Tech, Park City, Utah. Apply to attend here.

Oct. 6-10: World AI Week, Amsterdam

Dec. 2-7: NeurIPS, San Diego

Dec. 8-9: Fortune Brainstorm AI San Francisco. Apply to attend here.

EYE ON AI NUMBERS

75.6%

That’s how much startup funding surged in the first half of 2025, thanks to the continued AI boom, putting this year on track to become the second-strongest for venture capital investment in history. U.S. startups raised a total of $162.8 billion in the first six months of the year—the most since the record-setting first half of 2021, according to new data from PitchBook.

While that earlier surge was fueled by ultra-low interest rates during the COVID-19 era, this time it’s AI driving the momentum. Massive investments from Big Tech and AI-native firms have supercharged the market, even as many venture funds continue to struggle with fundraising. In just the past three months, startups brought in $69.9 billion.

Notable deals included OpenAI’s $40 billion round, Meta’s $14.3 billion stake in Scale AI, and billion-dollar-plus raises for Safe Superintelligence, Thinking Machines, Anduril, and Grammarly. AI accounted for 64.1% of total deal value and 35.6% of deal volume in the first half—clear evidence of where the money (and conviction) is flowing.

This is the online version of Eye on AI, Fortune’s weekly newsletter on how AI is shaping the future of business. Sign up for free.



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Miss Universe co-owner gets bank accounts frozen as part of probe into drugs, fuel and arms trafficking

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Mexico’s anti-money laundering office has frozen the bank accounts of the Mexican co-owner of Miss Universe as part of an investigation into drugs, fuel and arms trafficking, an official said Friday.

The country’s Financial Intelligence Unit, which oversees the fight against money laundering, froze Mexican businessman Raúl Rocha Cantú’s bank accounts in Mexico, a federal official told The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to comment on the investigation.

The action against Rocha Cantú adds to mounting controversies for the Miss Universe organization. Last week, a court in Thailand issued an arrest warrant for the Thai co-owner of the Miss Universe Organization in connection with a fraud case and this year’s competition — won by Miss Mexico Fatima Bosch — faced allegations of rigging.

The Miss Universe organization did not immediately respond to an email from The Associated Press seeking comment about the allegations against Rocha Cantú.

Mexico’s federal prosecutors said last week that Rocha Cantú has been under investigation since November 2024 for alleged organized crime activity, including drug and arms trafficking, as well as fuel theft. Last month, a federal judge issued 13 arrest warrants for some of those involved in the case, including the Mexican businessman, whose company Legacy Holding Group USA owns 50% of the Miss Universe shares.

The organization’s other 50% belongs to JKN Global Group Public Co. Ltd., a company owned by Jakkaphong “Anne” Jakrajutatip.

A Thai court last week issued an arrest warrant for Jakrajutatip who was released on bail in 2023 on the fraud case. She failed to appear as required in a Bangkok court on Nov. 25. Since she did not notify the court about her absence, she was deemed to be a flight risk, according to a statement from the Bangkok South District Court.

The court rescheduled her hearing for Dec. 26.

Rocha Cantú was also a part owner of the Casino Royale in the northern Mexican city of Monterrey, when it was attacked in 2011 by a group of gunmen who entered it, doused gasoline and set it on fire, killing 52 people.

Baltazar Saucedo Estrada, who was charged with planning the attack, was sentenced in July to 135 years in prison.



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Elon Musk’s X fined $140 million by EU for breaching digital regulations

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European Union regulators on Friday fined X, Elon Musk’s social media platform, 120 million euros ($140 million) for breaches of the bloc’s digital regulations, in a move that risks rekindling tensions with Washington over free speech.

The European Commission issued its decision following an investigation it opened two years ago into X under the 27-nation bloc’s Digital Services Act, also known as the DSA.

It’s the first time that the EU has issued a so-called non-compliance decision since rolling out the DSA. The sweeping rulebook requires platforms to take more responsibility for protecting European users and cleaning up harmful or illegal content and products on their sites, under threat of hefty fines.

The Commission, the bloc’s executive arm, said it was punishing X because of three different breaches of the DSA’s transparency requirements. The decision could rile President Donald Trump, whose administration has lashed out at digital regulations, complained that Brussels was targeting U.S. tech companies and vowed to retaliate.

U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio posted on his X account that the Commission’s fine was akin to an attack on the American people. Musk later agreed with Rubio’s sentiment.

“The European Commission’s $140 million fine isn’t just an attack on @X, it’s an attack on all American tech platforms and the American people by foreign governments,” Rubio wrote. “The days of censoring Americans online are over.”

Vice President JD Vance, posting on X ahead of the decision, accused the Commission of seeking to fine X “for not engaging in censorship.”

“The EU should be supporting free speech not attacking American companies over garbage,” he wrote.

Officials denied the rules were intended to muzzle Big Tech companies. The Commission is “not targeting anyone, not targeting any company, not targeting any jurisdictions based on their color or their country of origin,” spokesman Thomas Regnier told a regular briefing in Brussels. “Absolutely not. This is based on a process, democratic process.”

X did not respond immediately to an email request for comment.

EU regulators had already outlined their accusations in mid-2024 when they released preliminary findings of their investigation into X.

Regulators said X’s blue checkmarks broke the rules because on “deceptive design practices” and could expose users to scams and manipulation.

Before Musk acquired X, when it was previously known as Twitter, the checkmarks mirrored verification badges common on social media and were largely reserved for celebrities, politicians and other influential accounts, such as Beyonce, Pope Francis, writer Neil Gaiman and rapper Lil Nas X.

After he bought it in 2022, the site started issuing the badges to anyone who wanted to pay $8 per month.

That means X does not meaningfully verify who’s behind the account, “making it difficult for users to judge the authenticity of accounts and content they engage with,” the Commission said in its announcement.

X also fell short of the transparency requirements for its ad database, regulators said.

Platforms in the EU are required to provide a database of all the digital advertisements they have carried, with details such as who paid for them and the intended audience, to help researches detect scams, fake ads and coordinated influence campaigns. But X’s database, the Commission said, is undermined by design features and access barriers such as “excessive delays in processing.”

Regulators also said X also puts up “unnecessary barriers” for researchers trying to access public data, which stymies research into systemic risks that European users face.

“Deceiving users with blue checkmarks, obscuring information on ads and shutting out researchers have no place online in the EU. The DSA protects users,” Henna Virkkunen, the EU’s executive vice-president for tech sovereignty, security and democracy, said in a prepared statement.

The Commission also wrapped up a separate DSA case Friday involving TikTok’s ad database after the video-sharing platform promised to make changes to ensure full transparency.

___

AP Writer Lorne Cook in Brussels contributed to this report.



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Nvidia CEO says U.S. data centers take 3 years, but China ‘can build a hospital in a weekend’

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Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang said China has an AI infrastructure advantage over the U.S., namely in construction and energy.

While the U.S. retains an edge on AI chips, he warned China can build large projects at staggering speeds.

“If you want to build a data center here in the United States from breaking ground to standing up a AI supercomputer is probably about three years,” Huang told Center for Strategic and International Studies President John Hamre in late November. “They can build a hospital in a weekend.”

The speed at which China can build infrastructure is just one of his concerns. He also worries about the countries’ comparative energy capacity to support the AI boom.

China has “twice as much energy as we have as a nation, and our economy is larger than theirs. Makes no sense to me,” Huang said.

He added that China’s energy capacity continues to grow “straight up”, while the U.S.’s remains relatively flat.

Still, Huang maintained that Nvidia is “generations ahead” of China on AI chip technology to support the demand for the tech and semiconductor manufacturing process.

But he warned against complacency on this front, adding that “anybody who thinks China can’t manufacture is missing a big idea.”

Yet Huang is hopeful about Nvidia’s future, noting President Donald Trump’s push to reshore manufacturing jobs and spur AI investments.

‘Insatiable AI demand’

Early last month, Huang made headlines by predicting China would win the AI race—a message he amended soon thereafter, saying the country was “nanoseconds behind America” in the race in a statement shared to his company’s X account.

Nvidia is just one of the big tech companies pouring billions of dollars into a data center buildout in the U.S., which experts tell Fortune could amount to over $100 billion in the next year alone.

Raul Martynek, the CEO of DataBank, a company that contracts with tech giants to construct data centers, said the average cost of a data center is $10 million to $15 million per megawatt (MW), and a typical data centers on the smaller side requires 40 MW.

“In the U.S., we think there will be 5 to 7 gigawatts brought online in the coming year to support this seemingly insatiable AI demand,” Martynek said.

This shakes out to $50 billion on the low end, and $105 billion on the high end.



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